1. 1 CHAPTER 4 PARITY CONDITIONS AND CURRENCY FORECASTING

2. PART I. ARBITRAGE AND THE LAW OF ONE PRICE I.THE LAW OF ONE PRICE A.Law states: Identical goods sell for the same price worldwide.

3. ARBITRAGE AND THE LAW OF ONE PRICE B.Theoretical basis: If the price after exchange-rate adjustment were not equal, arbitrage in the goods worldwide ensures eventually it will.

4. ARBITRAGE AND THE LAW OF ONE PRICE C.Five Parity Conditions Result From These Arbitrage Activities 1.Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) 2.The Fisher Effect (FE) 3.The International Fisher Effect (IFE) 4.Interest Rate Parity (IRP) 5.Unbiased Forward Rate (UFR)

5. ARBITRAGE AND THE LAW OF ONE PRICE D.Five Parity Conditions Linked by The adjustment of various rates and prices to inflation.

6. ARBITRAGE AND THE LAW OF ONE PRICE E.Inflation and home currency depreciation: 1.jointly determined by the growth of domestic money supply; 2.Relative to the growth of domestic money demand.

7. ARBITRAGE AND THE LAW OF ONE PRICE F.THE LAW OF ONE PRICE - enforced by international arbitrage.

8. PART II. PURCHASING POWER PARITY I.THE THEORY OF PURCHASING POWER PARITY: states that spot exchange rates between currencies will change to the differential in inflation rates between countries.

9. PURCHASING POWER PARITY II. ABSOLUTE PURCHASING POWER PARITY A. Price levels adjusted for exchange rates should be equal between countries

10. PURCHASING POWER PARITY II. ABSOLUTE PURCHASING POWER PARITY B. One unit of currency has same purchasing power globally.

11. PURCHASING POWER PARITY III. RELATIVE PURCHASING POWER PARITY A.states that the exchange rate of one currency against another will adjust to reflect changes in the price levels of the two countries.

12. PURCHASING POWER PARITY 1.In mathematical terms: where e t = future spot rate e 0 = spot rate i h = home inflation i f = foreign inflation t= the time period

13. PURCHASING POWER PARITY 2.If purchasing power parity is expected to hold, then the best prediction for the one-period spot rate should be

14. PURCHASING POWER PARITY 3.A more simplified but less precise relationship is that is, the percentage change should be approximately equal to the inflation rate differential.

15. PURCHASING POWER PARITY 4.PPP says the currency with the higher inflation rate is expected to depreciate relative to the currency with the lower rate of inflation.

16. PURCHASING POWER PARITY B.Real Exchange Rates: the quoted or nominal rate adjusted for a country’s inflation rate is

17. PURCHASING POWER PARITY C.Real exchange rates 1.If exchange rates adjust to inflation differential, PPPstates that real exchange rates stay the same.

18. PART III. THE FISHER EFFECT (FE) I.THE FISHER EFFECT states that nominal interest rates (r) are a function of the real interest rate (a) and a premium (i) for inflation expectations. R = a + i

19. THE FISHER EFFECT B.Real Rates of Interest 1. Should tend toward equality everywhere through arbitrage. 2. With no government interference nominal rates vary by inflation differential or r h - r f = i h - i f

20. PART IV. THE INTERNATIONAL FISHER EFFECT (IFE) I.IFE STATES: A.the spot rate adjusts to the interest rate differential between two countries.

21. THE INTERNATIONAL FISHER EFFECT IFE = PPP + FE

22. THE INTERNATIONAL FISHER EFFECT B.Fisher postulated 1. The nominal interest rate differential should reflect the inflation rate differential.

23. THE INTERNATIONAL FISHER EFFECT B.Fisher also postulated that 2.Expected rates of return are equal in the absence of government intervention.

24. THE INTERNATIONAL FISHER EFFECT C.Simplified IFE equation: (if r f is relatively small)

25. THE INTERNATIONAL FISHER EFFECT D. Implications of IFE 1.Currency with the lower interest rate is expected to appreciate relative to the one with a higher rate.

26. THE INTERNATIONAL FISHER EFFECT D. Implications of IFE 2.Financial market arbitrage: insures interest rate differential is an unbiased predictor of change in future spot rate.

27. PART VI. INTEREST RATE PARITY THEORY I.INTRODUCTION A. The Theory states: the forward rate (F) differs from the spot rate (S) at equilibrium by an amount equal to the interest differential (r h - r f ) between two countries.

28. INTEREST RATE PARITY THEORY 2. The forward premium or discount equals the interest rate differential. (F - S)/S = (r h - r f ) where r h = the home rate r f = the foreign rate

29. INTEREST RATE PARITY THEORY 3.In equilibrium, returns on currencies will be the same i. e. No profit will be realized and interest parity exists which can be written

30. INTEREST RATE PARITY THEORY B.Covered Interest Arbitrage 1. Conditions required: interest rate differential does not equal the forward premium or discount. 2.Funds will move to a country with a more attractive rate.

31. INTEREST RATE PARITY THEORY 3. Market pressures develop: a.As one currency is more demanded spot and sold forward. b. Inflow of fund depresses interest rates. c.Parity eventually reached.

32. INTEREST RATE PARITY THEORY C.Summary: Interest Rate Parity states: 1.Higher interest rates on a currency offset by forward discounts. 2.Lower interest rates are offset by forward premiums.

33. PART VI. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE FORWARD AND THE FUTURE SPOT RATE I.THE UNBIASED FORWARD RATE A.States that if the forward rate is unbiased, then it should reflect the expected future spot rate. B. Stated as f t = e t