1. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking1 Instructor: Carey Williamson Office: ICT 740 Email: carey@cpsc.ucalgary.cacarey@cpsc.ucalgary.ca Class Location: MFH 164 Lectures: TR 8:00 – 9:15 Notes derived from “ Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach Featuring the Internet”, 2005, 3 rd edition, Jim Kurose, Keith Ross, Addison-Wesley. Slides are adapted from the companion web site of the book, as modified by Anirban Mahanti (and Carey Williamson). Multimedia Networking

2. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking2 Goals Principles r Classify multimedia applications r Identify the network services the apps need r Making the best of best effort service r Mechanisms for providing QoS Protocols and Architectures r Specific protocols for best-effort r Architectures for QoS

3. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking3 Why Study Multimedia Networking? r Exciting, industry relevant research topic r Multimedia is everywhere r Tons of open problems

4. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking4 Outline r Multimedia Networking Applications m Stored, live, interactive m Multimedia over “Best Effort” Internet m Evolving the Internet to support multimedia applications r Streaming stored audio and video r Scalable Streaming Techniques (Hot Topic) r Content Distribution Networks (Hot Topic) r Beyond Best Effort

5. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking5 MM Networking Applications Fundamental characteristics: r Typically delay sensitive m end-to-end delay m delay jitter r But loss tolerant: infrequent losses cause minor glitches r Antithesis of data, which are loss intolerant but delay tolerant. Classes of MM applications: 1) Streaming stored audio and video 2) Streaming live audio and video 3) Real-time interactive audio and video Jitter is the variability of packet delays within the same packet stream

6. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking6 Streaming Stored Multimedia (1/2) r VCR-like functionality: client can pause, rewind, FF, push slider bar m 10 sec initial delay OK m 1-2 sec until command effect OK m need a separate control protocol? r timing constraint for still-to-be transmitted data: in time for playout

7. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking7 Streaming Stored Multimedia (2/2) 1. video recorded 2. video sent 3. video received, played out at client Cumulative data streaming: at this time, client playing out early part of video, while server still sending later part of video network delay time

8. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking8 Streaming Live Multimedia Examples: r Internet radio talk show r Live sporting event Streaming r playback buffer r playback can lag tens of seconds after transmission r still have timing constraint Interactivity r fast forward impossible r rewind, pause possible!

9. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking9 Interactive, Real-Time Multimedia r end-end delay requirements: m audio: < 150 msec good, < 400 msec OK includes application-layer (packetization) and network delays higher delays noticeable, impair interactivity r session initialization m how does callee advertise its IP address, port number, encoding algorithms? r applications: IP telephony, video conference, distributed interactive worlds

10. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking10 Multimedia Over “Best Effort” Internet r TCP/UDP/IP: no guarantees on delay, loss Today’s multimedia applications implement functionality at the app. layer to mitigate (as best possible) effects of delay, loss But you said multimedia apps requires QoS and level of performance to be effective! ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

11. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking11 How to provide better support for Multimedia? (1/4) Integrated services philosophy: r architecture for providing QOS guarantees in IP networks for individual flows r Fundamental changes in Internet so that apps can reserve end-to-end bandwidth r Components of this architecture are m Admission control m Reservation protocol m Routing protocol m Classifier and route selection m Packet scheduler

12. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking12 How to provide better support for Multimedia? (2/4) Concerns with Intserv: r Scalability: signaling, maintaining per-flow router state difficult with large number of flows r Flexible Service Models: Intserv has only two classes. Desire “qualitative” service classes m E.g., Courier, xPress, and normal mail m E.g., First, business, and cattle class Diffserv approach: r simple functions in network core, relatively complex functions at edge routers (or hosts) r Don’t define define service classes, provide functional components to build service classes

13. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking13 How to provide better support for Multimedia? (3/4) Content Distribution Networks (CDNs) r Challenging to stream large files (e.g., video) from single origin server in real time r Solution: replicate content at hundreds of servers throughout Internet m content downloaded to CDN servers ahead of time m placing content “close” to user avoids impairments (loss, delay) of sending content over long paths m CDN server typically in edge/access network origin server in North America CDN distribution node CDN server in S. America CDN server in Europe CDN server in Asia

14. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking14 How to provide better support for Multimedia? (4/4) R1 R2 R3R4 (a) R1 R2 R3R4 (b) duplicate creation/transmission duplicate Source-duplication versus in-network duplication. (a) source duplication, (b) in-network duplication Multicast/Broadcast

15. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking15 Outline r Multimedia Networking Applications r Streaming stored audio and video m Streaming Architectures m Real Time Streaming Protocol m Packet Loss Recovery r Streaming stored audio and video r Scalable Streaming Techniques (Hot Topic) r Content Distribution Networks (Hot Topic) r Beyond Best Effort

16. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking16 Internet multimedia: simplest approach audio, video not streamed: r no, “pipelining,” long delays until playout! r audio or video stored in file r files transferred as HTTP object m received in entirety at client m then passed to player

17. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking17 Streaming vs. Download of Stored Multimedia Content r Download: Receive entire content before playback begins m High “start-up” delay as media file can be large m ~ 4GB for a 2 hour MPEG II movie r Streaming: Play the media file while it is being received m Reasonable “start-up” delays m Reception Rate >= playback rate. Why?

18. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking18 Progressive Download r browser GETs metafile r browser launches player, passing metafile r player contacts server r server downloads audio/video to player

19. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking19 Streaming from a Streaming Server r This architecture allows for non-HTTP protocol between server and media player r Can also use UDP instead of TCP. r Example: Browse the Helix product family http://www.realnetworks.com/products/media_delivery.html

20. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking20 constant bit rate video transmission Cumulative data time variable network delay client video reception constant bit rate video playout at client client playout delay buffered video Streaming Multimedia: Client Buffering r Client-side buffering, playout delay compensate for network-added delay, delay jitter

21. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking21 Streaming Multimedia: Client Buffering r Client-side buffering, playout delay compensate for network-added delay, delay jitter buffered video variable fill rate, x(t) constant drain rate, d

22. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking22 Streaming Multimedia: UDP or TCP? UDP r server sends at rate appropriate for client (oblivious to network congestion !) m often send rate = encoding rate = constant rate m then, fill rate = constant rate - packet loss r short playout delay (2-5 seconds) to compensate for network delay jitter r error recover: time permitting TCP r send at maximum possible rate under TCP r fill rate fluctuates due to TCP congestion control r larger playout delay: smooth TCP delivery rate r HTTP/TCP passes more easily through firewalls

23. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking23 Fairness of RealVideo Streams (1/2) Media Server FTP Server Media Client FTP Client R1 R2 1500 Kbps 10 Mbps R1-R2 is the bottleneck link Media Server is DNA Helix Server from RealNetworks Streaming uses UDP at the transport layer; requesting media encoded at 1 Mbps What fraction of the bottleneck is available to FTP? Talk to Sean Boyden if you want to know more

24. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking24 Fairness of RealVideo Streams (2/2)

25. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking25 Outline r Multimedia Networking Applications r Streaming stored audio and video m Streaming Architectures m Real Time Streaming Protocol m Packet Loss Recovery r Streaming stored audio and video r Scalable Streaming Techniques (Hot Topic) r Content Distribution Networks (Hot Topic) r Beyond Best Effort

26. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking26 Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) HTTP r Does not target multimedia content r No commands for fast forward, etc. RTSP: RFC 2326 r Client-server application layer protocol. r For user to control display: rewind, fast forward, pause, resume, repositioning, etc… What it doesn’t do: r does not define how audio/video is encapsulated for streaming over network r does not restrict how streamed media is transported; it can be transported over UDP or TCP r does not specify how the media player buffers audio/video

27. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking27 RTSP Example Scenario: r metafile communicated to web browser r browser launches player r player sets up an RTSP control connection, data connection to streaming server

28. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking28 Metafile Example Twister <track type=audio e="PCMU/8000/1" src = "rtsp://audio.example.com/twister/audio.en/lofi"> <track type=audio e="DVI4/16000/2" pt="90 DVI4/8000/1" src="rtsp://audio.example.com/twister/audio.en/hifi"> <track type="video/jpeg" src="rtsp://video.example.com/twister/video">

29. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking29 RTSP Operation

30. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking30 RTSP Exchange Example C: SETUP rtsp://audio.example.com/twister/audio RTSP/1.0 Transport: rtp/udp; compression; port=3056; mode=PLAY S: RTSP/1.0 200 1 OK Session 4231 C: PLAY rtsp://audio.example.com/twister/audio.en/lofi RTSP/1.0 Session: 4231 Range: npt=0- C: PAUSE rtsp://audio.example.com/twister/audio.en/lofi RTSP/1.0 Session: 4231 Range: npt=37 C: TEARDOWN rtsp://audio.example.com/twister/audio.en/lofi RTSP/1.0 Session: 4231 S: 200 3 OK

31. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking31 Outline r Multimedia Networking Applications r Streaming stored audio and video m Streaming Architectures m Real Time Streaming Protocol m Packet Loss Recovery r Streaming stored audio and video r Scalable Streaming Techniques (Hot Topic) r Content Distribution Networks (Hot Topic) r Beyond Best Effort

32. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking32 Packet Loss r network loss: IP datagram lost due to network congestion (router buffer overflow) r delay loss: IP datagram arrives too late for playout at receiver m delays: processing, queueing in network; end-system (sender, receiver) delays m Tolerable delay depends on the application r How can packet loss be handled? m We will discuss this next …

33. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking33 Receiver-based Packet Loss Recovery r Generate replacement packet m Packet repetition m Interpolation m Other sophisticated schemes r Works when audio/video stream exhibits short- term self-similarity r Works for relatively low loss rates (e.g., < 5%) r Typically, breaks down on “bursty” losses

34. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking34 Forward Error Correction (FEC) r for every group of n packets generate k redundant packets r send out n+k packets, increasing the bandwidth by factor k/n. r can reconstruct the original n packets provided at most k packets are lost from the group r Works well at high loss rate (for a proper choice of k) r Handles “bursty” packet losses r Cost: increase in transmission cost (bandwidth)

35. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking35 Another FEC Example “piggyback lower quality stream” Example: send lower resolution audio stream as the redundant information Whenever there is non-consecutive loss, the receiver can conceal the loss. Can also append (n-1)st and (n-2)nd low-bit rate chunk

36. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking36 Interleaving: Recovery from packet loss Interleaving r Re-sequence packets before transmission r Better handling of “burst” losses r Results in increased playout delay

37. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking37 Summary: Internet Multimedia: bag of tricks r use UDP to avoid TCP congestion control (delays) for time-sensitive traffic r client-side adaptive playout delay: to compensate for delay r server side matches stream bandwidth to available client-to-server path bandwidth m chose among pre-encoded stream rates m dynamic server encoding rate r error recovery (on top of UDP) m FEC, interleaving m retransmissions, time permitting m conceal errors: repeat nearby data

38. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking38 Outline r Multimedia Networking Applications r Streaming stored audio and video r Scalable Streaming Techniques r Content Distribution Networks r Beyond Best Effort

39. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking39 Streaming Popular Content r Consider a popular media file m Playback rate: 1 Mbps m Duration: 90 minutes m Request rate: once every minute r How can a video server handle such high loads? m Approach 1: Start a new “stream” for each request m Allocate server and disk I/O bandwidth for each request m Bandwidth required at server= 1 Mbps x 90

40. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking40 Streaming Popular Content using Batching r Approach 2: Leverage the multipoint delivery capability of modern networks r Playback rate = 1 Mbps, duration = 90 minutes r Group requests in non-overlapping intervals of 30 minutes: m Max. start-up delay = 30 minutes m Bandwidth required = 3 channels = 3 Mbps 03030 6090120150180210240 Time (minutes) Channel 1 Channel 2 Channel 3

41. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking41 Batching Issues r Bandwidth increases linearly with decrease in start-up delays r Can we reduce or eliminate “start-up” delays? m Periodic Broadcast Protocols m Stream Merging Protocols

42. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking42 Periodic Broadcast Example r Partition the media file into 2 segments with relative sizes {1, 2}. For a 90 min. movie: m Segment 1 = 30 minutes, Segment 2 = 60 minutes r Advantage: m Max. start-up delay = 30 minutes m Bandwidth required = 2 channels = 2 Mbps r Disadvantage: Requires increased client capabilities Time (minutes) 1 2 1 1 11 1 22 0306090120150180 Channel 1 Channel 2

43. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking43 Skyscraper Broadcasts (SB) r Divide the file into K segments of increasing size m Segment size progression: 1, 2, 2, 5, 5, 12, 12, 25, … r Multicast each segment on a separate channel at the playback rate r Aggregate rate to clients: 2 x playback rate [Hua & Sheu 1997]

44. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking44 Comparing Batching and SB Server Bandwidth Start-up Delay BatchingSB 1 Mbps90 minutes 2 Mbps45 minutes30 minutes 6 Mbps15 minutes3 minutes 10 Mbps9 minutes30 seconds r Playback rate = 1 Mbps, duration = 90 minutes r Limitations of Skyscraper: m Ad hoc segment size progress m Does not work for low client data rates

45. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking45 Reliable Periodic Broadcasts (RPB) r Optimized PB protocols (no packet loss recovery) m client fully downloads each segment before playing m required server bandwidth near minimal m Segment size progression is not ad hoc m Works for client data rates < 2 x playback rate r extend for packet loss recovery r extend for “bursty” packet loss r extend for client heterogeneity [Mahanti et al. 2001, 2003, 2004]

46. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking46 Reliable Periodic Broadcasts (RPB) r Optimized PB protocols (no packet loss recovery) m client fully downloads each segment before playing m required server bandwidth near minimal m Segment size progression is not ad hoc m Works for client data rates < 2 x playback rate r extend for packet loss recovery r extend for “bursty” packet loss r extend for client heterogeneity [Mahanti et al. 2001, 2003, 2004] CPSC 601.43

47. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking47 Optimized Periodic Broadcasts r r = segment streaming rate = 1 r s = maximum # streams client listens to concurrently = 2 r b = client data rate = s x r = 2 r length of first s segments: r length of segment k  s:

48. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking48 Outline r Multimedia Networking Applications r Streaming stored audio and video r Scalable Streaming Techniques r Content Distribution Networks r Beyond Best Effort

49. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking49 Content distribution networks (CDNs) Content replication r Challenging to stream large files (e.g., video) from single origin server in real time r Solution: replicate content at hundreds of servers throughout Internet m content downloaded to CDN servers ahead of time m placing content “close” to user avoids impairments (loss, delay) of sending content over long paths m CDN server typically in edge/access network origin server in North America CDN distribution node CDN server in S. America CDN server in Europe CDN server in Asia

50. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking50 Content distribution networks (CDNs) Content replication r CDN (e.g., Akamai) customer is the content provider (e.g., CNN) r CDN replicates customers’ content in CDN servers. When provider updates content, CDN updates servers origin server in North America CDN distribution node CDN server in S. America CDN server in Europe CDN server in Asia

51. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking51 CDN example origin server (www.foo.com) r distributes HTML r replaces: http://www.foo.com/sports.ruth.gif with h ttp://www.cdn.com/www.foo.com/sports/ruth.gif HTTP request for www.foo.com/sports/sports.html DNS query for www.cdn.com HTTP request for www.cdn.com/www.foo.com/sports/ruth.gif 1 2 3 Origin server CDNs authoritative DNS server Nearby CDN server CDN company (cdn.com) r distributes gif files r uses its authoritative DNS server to route redirect requests

52. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking52 More about CDNs routing requests r CDN creates a “map”, indicating distances from leaf ISPs and CDN nodes r when query arrives at authoritative DNS server: m server determines ISP from which query originates m uses “map” to determine best CDN server r CDN nodes create application-layer overlay network

53. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking53 Outline r Multimedia Networking Applications r Streaming stored audio and video r Scalable Streaming Techniques r Content Distribution Networks r Beyond Best Effort

54. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking54 Integrated Services (Intserv) Architecture r architecture for providing QOS guarantees in IP networks for individual flows r flow: a distinguishable stream of distinct IP datagrams m Unidirectional m Multiple recipient r Components of this architecture: m Admission control m Reservation protocol m Routing protocol m Classifier and route selection m Packet scheduler

55. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking55 Intserv: QoS guarantee scenario r Resource reservation m call setup, signaling (RSVP) m traffic, QoS declaration m per-element admission control m QoS-sensitive scheduling (e.g., WFQ) request/ reply

56. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking56 Call Admission Arriving session must : r declare its QOS requirement m R-spec: defines the QOS being requested r characterize traffic it will send into network m T-spec: defines traffic characteristics r signaling protocol: needed to carry R-spec and T- spec to routers (where reservation is required) m RSVP Need Scheduling and Policing Policies to provide QoS

57. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking57 Policing: Token Bucket Token Bucket: limit input to specified Burst Size and Average Rate. r bucket can hold b tokens r tokens generated at rate r token/sec unless bucket full r over interval of length t: number of packets admitted less than or equal to (r t + b).

58. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking58 Link Scheduling r scheduling: choose next packet to send on link r FIFO (first in first out) scheduling: send in order of arrival to queue m real-world example? m discard policy: if packet arrives to full queue: who to discard? Tail drop: drop arriving packet priority: drop/remove on priority basis random: drop/remove randomly

59. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking59 Round Robin r multiple classes r cyclically scan class queues, serving one from each class (if available) r real world example?

60. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking60 Weighted Fair Queuing r generalized Round Robin r each class gets weighted amount of service in each cycle r real-world example?

61. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking61 Intserv QoS: Service models [rfc2211, rfc 2212] Guaranteed service: r Assured data rate r A specified upper bound on queuing delay Controlled load service: r "a quality of service closely approximating the QoS that same flow would receive from an unloaded network element.“ r Similar to behavior best effort service in an unloaded network WFQ token rate, r bucket size, b per-flow rate, R D = b/R max arriving traffic

62. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking62 Differentiated Services Concerns with Intserv: r Scalability: signaling, maintaining per-flow router state difficult with large number of flows r Flexible Service Models: Intserv has only two classes. Desire “qualitative” service classes m E.g., Courier, xPress, and normal mail m E.g., First, business, and cattle class Diffserv approach: r simple functions in network core, relatively complex functions at edge routers (or hosts) r Don’t define define service classes, provide functional components to build service classes

63. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking63 Edge router:  per-flow traffic management  Set the DS field; value determines type of service Core router:  buffering and scheduling based on marking at edge  per-class traffic management Diffserv Architecture scheduling... r b marking

64. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking64 Traffic Classification/Conditioning r How can packet marks be carried in IPv4 datagrams? r Sender may agree to conform to a “traffic profile”, thus a leaky bucket policer may be used at the network edge to enforce m Peak rate m Average rate m Burst size r What happens when traffic profile is violated? m Employ traffic shaping?

65. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking65 Forwarding (PHB) r PHB result in a different observable (measurable) forwarding performance behavior r PHB does not specify what mechanisms to use to ensure required PHB performance behavior r Examples: m Class A gets x% of outgoing link bandwidth over time intervals of a specified length m Class A packets leave first before packets from class B

66. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking66 PHB’s Defined in Diffserv r Expedited Forwarding: pkt departure rate of a class equals or exceeds specified rate m logical link with a minimum guaranteed rate r Assured Forwarding: 4 classes of traffic m each guaranteed minimum amount of bandwidth m each with three drop preference partitions

67. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking67 Deployment Issues r Single administrative domain r Incremental deployment r Traffic policing/shaping complexity r Charging models

68. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking68 Signaling in the Internet connectionless (stateless) forwarding by IP routers best effort service no network signaling protocols in initial IP design + = r New requirement: reserve resources along end-to-end path (end system, routers) for QoS for multimedia applications r RSVP: Resource Reservation Protocol [RFC 2205] m “ … allow users to communicate requirements to network in robust and efficient way.” i.e., signaling ! r earlier Internet Signaling protocol: ST-II [RFC 1819]

69. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking69 RSVP Design Goals 1. accommodate heterogeneous receivers (different bandwidth along paths) 2. accommodate different applications with different resource requirements 3. make multicast a first class service, with adaptation to multicast group membership 4. leverage existing multicast/unicast routing, with adaptation to changes in underlying unicast, multicast routes 5. control protocol overhead to grow (at worst) linear in # receivers 6. modular design for heterogeneous underlying technologies

70. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking70 RSVP: does not… r specify how resources are to be reserved r rather: a mechanism for communicating needs r determine routes packets will take r that’s the job of routing protocols r signaling decoupled from routing r interact with forwarding of packets r separation of control (signaling) and data (forwarding) planes

71. CPSC 441: Multimedia Networking71 Multimedia Networking: Summary r multimedia applications and requirements r making the best of today’s best effort service r scheduling and policing mechanisms r next generation Internet: Intserv, RSVP, Diffserv