1. A+ Guide to Software, 4e Chapter 8 Windows on a Network

2. A+ Guide to Software, 4e Physical Network Architectures Elements providing an overview of networks –The different sizes of networks –The different technologies used by networks –Some networking terms Network types commonly encountered –Ethernet –Wireless networks –Telephone networks –Mostly outdated token ring and FDDI networks 2/34

3. A+ Guide to Software, 4e Sizes of Networks A network links two or more computers PAN (personal area network) –Consists of personal devices at close range LAN (local area network) –Covers a small local area such as a home, or office MAN (metropolitan area network) –Covers a large campus or city WAN (wide area network) –Covers a large geographical area; e.g., the Internet 3/34

4. A+ Guide to Software, 4e Additional Terms Used in Networking Node (host): one device on a network; e.g., server Network adapter: interfaces a PC with a network –Network interface card (NIC): fits in a PCI slot Adapter (MAC, physical, or hardware) address: –48-bit (6-byte) id number hard-coded on card –Example: 00-0C-6E-4E-AB-A5 Network protocols: rules of communication Packets (datagrams or frames) –Basic unit of data transmitted on a network 4/34

5. A+ Guide to Software, 4e Introducing Ethernet Ethernet types (categorized by speed): –10-Mbps Ethernet –100-Mbps or Fast Ethernet –1000-Mbps or Gigabit Ethernet –10-Gigabit Ethernet Types of cabling used: –Two kinds of twisted-pair Unshielded twisted pair (UTP): four pairs of twisted wire Shielded twisted pair (STP): protected from EMI –Coaxial cable: single copper wire with braided shield –Fiber-optic: glass strands inside protective tubing 5/34

6. A+ Guide to Software, 4e Wi-Fi Wireless Networks Use radio waves or infrared light to connect PCs Popular in places where cables are difficult to install 802.11wireless (Wi-Fi or Wireless Fidelity) –Types: 802.11g (most popular), 802.11b, 802.11a –Two new standards: 802.11k and 802.11r –Ad hoc mode: directly links two wireless devices –Access point (AP): connects wireless device to LAN WiMAX (802.16 Wireless/802.16d and 802.16e) –Used in public hot spots and as a last mile solution Bluetooth: short range standard; e.g., optical mouse 6/34

7. A+ Guide to Software, 4e Figure 8-5 Nodes on a wireless LAN connect to a cabled network by way of an access point 7/34

8. A+ Guide to Software, 4e VoIP Telephone Networks VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) –Uses packets of data to communicate Need broadband Internet connection Can use a VoIP digital phone Newer WiFi phones can use a WiFi hotspot to send and receive VoIP wirelessly Some think WiFi phones will replace cell phones 8/34

9. A+ Guide to Software, 4e Figure 8-5 This VoIP digital telephone connects to a local network and on to the Internet by way of a network cable 9/34

10. A+ Guide to Software, 4e Windows on a Network Major software components on a network An operating system installed on each PC –Network operating system (NOS) for larger networks Peer-to-peer network (workgroup) –Each PC has the same authority on the network Client/server model (domain) –Access to network resources controlled by an NOS –Server is called a domain controller A few network operating systems –Windows 2003 Server, Novell NetWare, Linux 10/34

11. A+ Guide to Software, 4e Four Suites of Protocols TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) –Primary protocol used on the Internet IPX/SPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange) –Designed for use with Novell NetWare NetBEUI (NetBIOS Extended User Interface) –Supports NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System) AppleTalk –Proprietary networking protocol suite for Macs 11/34

12. A+ Guide to Software, 4e Four Suites of Protocols (continued) Using a protocol on the network –Install a NIC card in the computer –Connect network cable to network device; e.g., a switch –NIC card binds to higher level protocol; e.g., TCP/IP How to identify which protocols are used in Windows –Look at the properties of a network connection More than one OS protocol can be used on a network New protocols may be installed Network printers can be accessed in various ways 12/34

13. A+ Guide to Software, 4e Figure 8-9 Three Windows XP network protocols are installed and two protocols are bound to this network card 13/34

14. A+ Guide to Software, 4e Addressing on a Network Four methods used to identify devices and programs –Using a MAC address –Using an IP address –Using character-based names (host, domain, NetBIOS) –Using a Port address IP addresses –Used in TCP/IP to identify any device on the network –4 bytes (octets) separated by dots; e.g., 190.180.40.120 –System allows for up to 4.3 billion IP addresses –First part identifies network, last part identifies host 14/34

15. A+ Guide to Software, 4e Addressing on a Network (continued) Classes of IP addresses –Class A: first octet for network, remainder for host –Class B: two octets for network, remainder for host –Class C: three octets for network, remainder for host –Class D: reserved for multicasting –Class E: reserved for research Subnet mask –Octets used to identify if PCs are in same network –Ex: if subnet is 255.0.0.0, the first octets must match –Two types: classful and classless (CIDR) 15/34

16. A+ Guide to Software, 4e Table 8-1 Classes of IP addresses 16/34

17. A+ Guide to Software, 4e Addressing on a Network (continued) IP address categories –Public IP address: available for use on the Internet –Private IP address: only used on a private intranet –Static IP address: permanently assigned to a node –Dynamic IP address: assigned for current session Solutions for IP address shortages –1. Private IP addresses –2. Dynamic IP addressing (may be combined with 1) DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server –Manages dynamically assigned IP addresses 17/34

18. A+ Guide to Software, 4e Figure 8-16 A DHCP server has a range of IP addresses it can assign to clients on the network 18/34

19. A+ Guide to Software, 4e Addressing on a Network (continued) Network address translation (NAT) –Presents public IP address for PC with private address –A proxy server makes the IP address substitutions Proxy server: node between the network and the Internet Router can act as proxy server, DHCP server, firewall Name resolution: links a name to an IP address DNS (Domain Name System): tracks host names WINS (Windows Internet Naming Service) –Tracks NetBIOS names; e.g., joesmith, Workstation12 19/34

20. A+ Guide to Software, 4e How Computers Find Each Other on a LAN PC must acquire IP address of another PC for a link Methods for discovering IP address of another PC –The computer checks the NetBIOS name cache –If WINS server address is known, PC queries server –Computer uses broadcast to query nodes on LAN –The computer checks a file named LMHosts –The computer checks the file named Hosts –If DNS server address is known, PC queries server 20/34

21. A+ Guide to Software, 4e Configuring a NIC and Connecting to a Network Components needed to connect a PC to a network –NIC and network port or wireless NIC card in the PC –Patch cable –Device for the PC to connect to, such as a router NIC card selection criteria –NIC should match type of bus on motherboard –NIC should match speed and type of network –Wireless NIC should match network technology 21/34

22. A+ Guide to Software, 4e Installing a NIC Using Windows 2000/XP Overview of installation steps –Determine whether driver or NIC is installed first –If NIC precedes driver, install NIC and turn on PC –Follow instructions in Found New Hardware Wizard –Verify driver installation using the Device Manager –Update the driver if necessary –Connect patch cable to NIC port and network switch Configuring Windows 2000/XP to use a network –Name computer in System Properties dialog box 22/34

23. A+ Guide to Software, 4e Installing a NIC Using Windows 2000/XP (continued) Questions to ask before configuring TCP/IP –Will the PC use dynamic or static IP addressing? –What are the IP address, subnet mask, default gateway? A question to ask if static IP addressing is used –Do you use DNS? If so, what are the IP addresses of your DNS servers? –Is a proxy server used to connect to other networks? If so, what is the IP address of the proxy server? Gateway: device that connects two networks 23/34

24. A+ Guide to Software, 4e Installing a NIC Using Windows 2000/XP (continued) Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties dialog box –Used to configure TCP/IP under Windows XP –Dialog opened from Properties of Local Area Connection NWLink or NetBEUI protocol –Used for network communication (excluding the Internet) –Can be used in combination with TCP/IP –Installed from Properties of Local Area Connection 24/34

25. A+ Guide to Software, 4e Installing a NIC Using Windows 9x/Me Overview of installation steps: –Physically install the NIC and turn on the PC –Follow instructions of the Wizard –Verify the installation using Device Manager Assigning a computer name –Access Identification tab in Network dialog box –Enter names of computer and workgroup –Verify assignment in Network Neighborhood window Installing and configuring TCP/IP using Windows 98 –Use functions in the Network window 25/34

26. A+ Guide to Software, 4e Installing a Wireless Adapter in a Notebook Wireless adapter uses a USB port or PC Card slot Installation package includes a CD and accessories Overview of steps for installing a Linksys adapter –Install the software from the setup CD –Plug the wireless adapter into a USB port –Launch Found New Hardware and follow instructions Managing the issue of an unsigned driver –Find approved driver or continue installation Deciding which installation utility to use –Choose manufacturer’s utility over Windows XP’s 26/34

27. A+ Guide to Software, 4e Installing a Wireless Adapter in a Notebook (continued) Information displayed about a current connection: –MAC address of access point device used by adapter –The current channel the connection is using –Transfer rate, throughput, link quality, signal strength Configuration changes you can make: –Mode or network type –The SSID (service set identifier) –Encryption settings –Tx rate –TCP/IP configuration 27/34

28. A+ Guide to Software, 4e Figure 8-45 Enter the SSID of a hot spot to which you want to connect 28/34

29. A+ Guide to Software, 4e Sharing Files, Folders, and Applications PCs in same workgroup or domain share resources How to makes network shares available –Use My Network Places in Windows 2000/XP –Use Network Neighborhood in Windows 9x/Me Windows components required for sharing resources –Client for Microsoft Networks –Printer Sharing for Microsoft Networks Creating a network share in Windows –Use Sharing tab in Properties dialog box of target 29/34

30. A+ Guide to Software, 4e Network Drive Maps Make the client PC appear to have a new hard drive –Physical hard drive space is on the host (the server) Network File System (NFS) –Manages network drive maps between client and server –Is a type of distributed file system (DFS) –Provides more for highly reliable file sharing Overview of steps to create a network drive map: –Create a network share on the host –Access network using remote computer (client) –Use Map Network Drive to map host drive to client 30/34

31. A+ Guide to Software, 4e What If You Don't Want To Share? Disable File and Printer Sharing Hide PC from others looking at My Network Places Hide a shared folder Make your personal folders private 31/34

32. A+ Guide to Software, 4e Security on a Wireless LAN Methods for securing a wireless connection: –Disable SSID broadcasting –Filter MAC addresses –Data encryption; e.g., WPA (WiFi Protected Access) –Change firmware default settings –Update firmware –Use a firewall –Virtual private network (VPN) 32/34

33. A+ Guide to Software, 4e Configure and Test Your Wireless Network Installing the hardware –Position device and plug it in –Connect the device using a network or USB cable Access point configuration is saved on firmware Configuring the access point –Change default password to the administrative utility –Select basic wireless settings, such as the channel –Set up data encryption –Choose whether to filter MAC addresses –Save the settings and test the connection 33/34

34. A+ Guide to Software, 4e Troubleshooting a Network Connection Some symptoms indicating a faulty NIC: –You cannot make a connection to the network. –My Network Places does not show any other PCs –An error message displays during driver installation Displaying TCP/IP connection information –Use Ipconfig under Windows 2000/XP –Use Winipcfg under Windows 9x/Me Ping (Packet Internet Groper) diagnostic tool –Sends a signal to a remote computer –If remote PC is online and senses signal, it responds 34/34