1. Life—The Final Frontier A Case Study on the Characteristics of Lifeby
William Rogers, Ball State University
Thomas Horvath, SUNY-Oneonta

2. CQ1: Do you think life exists elsewhere in the universe besides planet Earth?
A: Yes
B: No
Photo courtesy of

3. The Scenario
The President of the United States is under extreme pressure from the public and Congress to find ways to balance the budget.
Space exploration is one area frequently mentioned for budget cuts.

4. The Scenario Continued…
However, the President is fully aware that there is a risk, albeit small, that if life forms from space enter the Earth’s biosphere, the ecological and/or pathological consequences could be severe.
Because of this, the President does not want to cut funding for the space program.

5. Your Task
Your job, as a chief advisor to the President, is to make a recommendation based on the following study. The President wants to know if an announcement should be made that extraterrestrial life has been discovered.

6. Planetary Protection
ALL OF THE PLANETS, ALL OF THE TIME
NASA has a Planetary Protection Policy that is designed to protect planets, moons, asteroids, etc., from contamination by Earth life, and protecting Earth from possible life forms from other solar system bodies. The Policy protects planets from living organisms, not fossil or chemical evidence of life.
One of NASA’s goals is to determine the characteristics of living organisms.[1]
How will NASA determine if what it finds is evidence of life or is something that is actually alive? 1

7. So what are the basic characteristics of life?

8. Are any of these alive?

9. Do they exhibit characteristics of life?

10. CQ2: Why do space programs like NASA look for evidence of water on Mars?
A: Martian life requires water.
B: The polarity of water is necessary for making DNA.
C: Earth life requires water.
D: Organic molecules can be dissolved in water. 10 10

11. Planetary Protection
ALL OF THE PLANETS, ALL OF THE TIME
The NASA Planetary Protection Team has been given a chunk of subterranean ice collected on Mars by one of the rovers.
The first task is to determine if the ice contains evidence of life. 11 11

12. Planetary Protection
ALL OF THE PLANETS, ALL OF THE TIME
Initial scans of the ice reveal bacteria-like nanoparticles (100 nm or smaller) that contain DNA.

13. CQ3: How do you determine if the nanoparticles are alive?
A: Thaw the ice and see if they are mobile.
B: Thaw the ice and see if they grow and reproduce.
C: Keep it frozen and run tests to determine more about their chemical composition.
D: Thaw the ice and expose them to an electrical charge and look for a response. 13 13

14. Results from Nanoparticle Scans
Surrounded by cellular membrane
Composed of calcium phosphate rather than phospholipids
No internal membrane-bound structures (organelles)
Not mobile
Small amounts of DNA and proteins
Reproduction only in anoxic environment
Antibiotics prevent reproduction 14 14

15. CQ4: Based on the class list, is there enough evidence to say that the nanoparticles are alive?
A: Yes
B: No 15 15

16. Planetary Protection
ALL OF THE PLANETS, ALL OF THE TIME
Closer investigations reveal viruses attached to some nanoparticles
Evidence for case
Image Courtesy of the National Science Foundation

17. Virus – Structure and Replication
Many good figures showing viral structure and reproduction/life cycle are available online and in textbooks.
Students may need some lecture on what a virus is. 17 17

18. Results from Virus Scans
Contain RNA and proteins.
Not mobile.
Only reproduce when nanoparticles are present.
Don’t use any type of food presented them.
Evidence for case 18 18

19. CQ5: Based on the class list, is there enough evidence to say the virus objects are alive?
A: Yes
B: No
Embedded question 19 19

20. CQ6: Will you confirm to the President that extra-terrestrial life has been discovered?
A: Yes
B: No
Wrap-up embedded question 20 20

21. Why or why not?