1. Vowels
Vowels are the most sonorant (or intense) and the most audible sounds in speech.
They usually function as the nucleus (or core) of a syllable.
The consonants that surround vowels often depend on them for their audibility.

2. Vowels Take the word pop for example.
The [p]’s are heard mainly because of the way they affect the beginning and end of the vowel sound.

3. Vowels
Ask someone to describe where the tongue is at the beginning of a consonant and you will get a concrete answer.
Ask someone to describe where their tongue is at the beginning of a vowel, and you will get a variety of responses.
It is much more difficult to give a satisfactory articulatory description of vowels.

4. Vowels
Vowels are sounds produced with a relatively open vocal tract, so they do not have a consonant-like point of articulation or manner of articulation.
Instead, the vocal tract above the glottis acts as a resonator affecting the sound made by the vocal folds.

5. Vowels
The shape of this resonator determines the quality of the vowel.
Since vowels are so very different from consonants, we have to use different features than those used to describe consonants.

6. Vowels
There are several ways in which speakers can change the shape of the vocal tract, and thus change vowel quality.
Using a new feature system, we can create a chart to describe vowels.

7. Vowels
Let’s begin by constructing a basic representation of the mouth.
You should keep in mind, however, that this (unlike the representation of the articulators involved in producing consonants) is only an abstract representation of the mouth.

8. Vowels
A representation of this abstract mouth can be found on the inside cover of your textbook
Be aware, however, that we will have to modify this representation somewhat to fully use our new feature system

10. Vowels
Tongue Height
If you repeat to yourself the vowel sounds in seat, set, sat, you will find that you open your mouth a little wider as you change from each sound.
These varying degrees of openness correspond to different degrees of tongue height: high, mid, low.

11. Vowels
High vowels are made with the front of the mouth less open because the tongue body is raised, or high.
Mid vowels are produced with an intermediate tongue height.
Low vowels are pronounced with the front of the mouth open and the tongue lowered.

13. Vowels Tongue Advancement
Besides being held high or mid or low, the tongue can also be pushed forward or pulled back within the oral cavity.
For example, in beat, the body of the tongue is raised and pushed forward so it is just under the hard palate.

14. Vowels
In boot, however, the body of the tongue is in the back of the mouth, toward the velum.
The tongue is advanced or pushed forward for all the front vowels, and retracted or pulled back for the back vowels.

16. Vowels
Lip Rounding
Vowel quality also depends on lip position. When you say two, your lips are rounded.
For tea, however, they are unrounded.

18. Vowels
To make our chart complete, however, we are going to have to add in one more set of features
Tense vs. Lax
Vowels that are called tense are produced with an extra degree of muscular effort.
Lax vowels lack this extra effort.

19. Vowels
For example, tense front vowels are made with a stronger (i.e., longer and more extreme) tongue fronting gesture than lax front vowels, which are produced with a weaker fronting movement.
Tense rounded vowels are also made with stronger or tighter lip rounding than their lax counterparts.

21. Vowels Charting Vowels
Starting from the upper left corner again, the first vowel that we encounter, a front, high, tense, unrounded vowel, is represented by the symbol [i]
This is the sound in the word beat.

23. Vowels
Next is a front, high, unrounded, lax vowel, represented by the symbol called a small capital I:
This is the sound in the word bit.
Here is what it looks like:

26. Vowels
Moving downward, we next encounter a front, mid, unrounded, tense vowel, represented by the symbol [e]:
This is the sound in the word bait.

28. Vowels
Next is a front, mid, unrounded, lax vowel, represented by the symbol called epsilon:
This is the sound in the word bet.
Here is what it looks like:

31. Vowels
Moving down again, we next encounter a front, low, unrounded, lax vowel, represented by the symbol called ash.
This is the sound in the word bat.

34. Vowels
Moving to the upper right corner of our abstract mouth, we next encounter a high, back, tense, rounded vowel, represented by the symbol [u]:
This is the sound in the word boot.

36. Vowels
Next is a high, back, lax, rounded vowel, represented by the symbol called upsilon:
This is the sound in the word foot.
Here is what it looks like:

39. Vowels
Moving downward, we next encounter a back, mid, tense, rounded vowel, represented by the symbol [o]:
This is the sound in the word boat.

41. Vowels
Next is a back, mid, lax, rounded vowel, represented by the symbol called open o (or sometimes backward c):
This is the sound in the word long (at least for me!!!).
Or maybe the first sound in “aw shucks”
Here is what it looks like:

44. Vowels
Moving downward, we next encounter a back, low, lax, unrounded vowel, represented by the symbol [a].
This is the sound in the word father.

46. Vowels
Finally, moving to the middle of our abstract mouth, we encounter a central, mid, lax, unrounded vowel, represented by the symbol called a schwa:
This is the last sound in the word sofa.
Here is what it looks like:

49. Vowels Schwa has a stressed counterpart known as inverted v or wedge
This is the vowel sound in the words but and putt.
It looks like this:

52. Vowels
Diphthongs
At this point, we still have not described the vowel sounds of some English words (in many English dialects) such as hide, loud, and coin.
These words contain diphthongs or two-part vowel sounds in the same syllable.

53. Vowels
If (most of) you say eye slowly, concentrating on how you make this vowel, you should find that your tongue starts out in the position for [a] and moves toward the position for the vowel [i] or the corresponding palatal glide [y].

54. Vowels
This diphthong, which consists of two articulations and the two corresponding sounds, is written with two symbols: in IG as [aj] as in [hajd] hide (or as [ai] in the IPA and [ay] and [a] in various places elsewhere).

56. Vowels
To make the vowel of loud, the tongue and the lips start in position for [a] and move toward the position for [u] or [w], so this diphthong is written [aw], as in [lawd] loud (or as [au] in the IPA and [a] elsewhere).

58. Vowels
In the vowel of coin, the movement is from the open o position toward the position for [i] or [y], so the vowel of coin is written [j] as in [kjn] (or as [] in the IPA.
You may also see [oj], [o], [oi] and [oy] elsewhere.

60. Phonetics
One last symbol you may be familiar with is the symbol called right-hook schwa
In most American transcriptions, this sound is transcribed as [r] (schwa + r)

62. Vowels
In truth, however, no sound is ever pronounced in exactly the same way twice.
Pronunciation varies among speakers as well.
Variations in the way that a sound is produced are predictable, however.

63. Vowels
A Narrow Transcription, or a transcription that shows the fine details of the articulation of phones, can be used to record some of the more predictable variations in sound.
Aspirated stops
Not all voiceless stops are the same.

64. Vowels Take, for example the words pat and spat.
Can you feel the puff of air when you say pat?
This puff of air is called aspiration.

65. Vowels Aspiration is transcribed as [], as in [pt]
Aspiration (in English) occurs on all voiceless oral (nonglottal) stops occurring as the first sound in a stressed syllable.

66. Vowels To understand this better, contrast the following words:
Pat [p t] spat [spt]
Kid [kd] skid [skd]
Top [tap] stop [stap]

67. Vowels Dental Consonants Say the word health or unthinkable.
Consonants which are ordinarily produced with the tongue at the alveolar ridge are articulated differently when followed by an inter-dental consonant theta or eth

68. Vowels
In this environment, they are pronounced with the tip of the tongue on the teeth, rather than the alveolar ridge.
Health [hl] unthinkable [nkbl]

69. Vowels n

70. Vowels Velarized [l] Now say the words bowl and lobe.
In a broad transcription, ‘bowl’ and ‘lobe’ are represented as containing the same segments; only the order differs.
For many speakers, however, the [l] sounds are actually not identical.

71. Vowels
The [l] in bowl is velarized, (also called ‘dark’), while the [l] of ‘lobe’ is “clear.” The velarized [l] is transcribed as an l with a bar through it
Feel [fił] vs. leaf [lif]
Pill [pł] vs. lip [lp]

72. Vowels ł

73. Vowels Lengthened vowels: Now say the words peas and peace.
Vowels in certain phonetic environments are longer than the same vowels in other environments. In particular, vowels which are followed by a voiced consonant are longer in duration than those followed by a voiceless consonant.

74. Vowels To transcribe this, use the symbol [:]
Peas [pi:z] vs. peace [pis]
Had [h:d] vs.
hat [ht]

75. Vowels i:

76. Vowels Nasalized vowels: Finally, say the words green and greed.
These words seem identical, but on closer inspection, the vowels are different in one respect.
The vowel in green is nasalized, as a result of the consonant that follows it.

77. Vowels In a nasalized vowel, the velum is lowered.
In green, we lower our velum a little early and allow air out of the nasal passage. To transcribe this, use the symbol [~]
Green [grĩn] tan [tn]
This sound is contrasting in French: beau vs. bõn

78. Vowels ĩ