1. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Similarities and Differences between LTE, UMB & WiMax Presented By: Brandt Elster

2. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Outline WiMax News Definitions Background & History Motivations and Objectives Deterrents Services and QoS Network Architecture Physical Layer & MAC Protocols Comparison of the Technologies Future of the Technology 6/28/2015 Page 2 of 58Brandt Elster

3. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science WiMax News Today Today there was a large announcement regarding the future of mobile WiMax Since Dan Hesse became the new Sprint CEO there were doubts he would continue Sprint’s future in their WiMax venture named XOHM. Immediately upon becoming CEO he terminated an existing agreement to work along side Clearwire and collaborate on separate WiMax networks that were able to roam on each others to increase coverage Today Sprint and Clearwire put out a joint press release stating they had formed a joint venture that would be named Clearwire to build one WiMax network. This new company has received investments from the following companies: Google, Intel, Comcast, Time Warner Cable, and Bright House networks These companies have combined together for a total investment of $3.2 billion They will receive an estimated 22% ownership of the company Sprint will maintain the largest share at 51% and Clearwire will control 27% The deal is estimated to be worth a total of $14.5 billion 6/28/2015 Page 3 of 58Brandt Elster

4. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Definitions - LTE Long Term Evolution is more commonly referred to as LTE LTE is the 4 th generation network that was designed through the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). It is an all IP network Its primary goals were to improve efficiency, lower infrastructure costs, create a higher QoS, all while making use of new spectrum opportunities, and better integrating with other open standards Predominantly created by Ericsson, Nortel and Nokia-Siemens Should result in release 8 of the UMTS standard 6/28/2015 Page 4 of 58Brandt Elster

5. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Definitions - UMB Ultra Mobile Broadband is commonly referred to as UMB UMB is the 4 th Generation wireless broadband access network developed through the CDMA Development Group (CDG) It is an all IP network It was designed from the ground up to provide the type of access required in the modern mobile world, with great flexibility and interoperability Standardized by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) Proprietary technology developed by Qualcomm 6/28/2015 Page 5 of 58Brandt Elster

6. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Definitions - WiMax Mobile WiMax is short for Wireless Interoperability for Microwave Access There is actually a difference between mobile WiMax and fixed WiMax Today we are only going to talk about the mobile version of WiMax WiMax is the 4 th Generation wireless broadband access network developed by the IEEE It is the 802.16e or upcoming 802.16m standards It is an all IP network Many hardware manufacturers are already supporting WiMax due to it’s open standards. Some of the larger ones include Samsung, Motorola and Intel. 6/28/2015 Page 6 of 58Brandt Elster

7. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Background & History Analogy for the differences between TDMA, FDMA, SDMA, CDMA Take a large room with a decent number of people in it. There are multiple different conversations going on throughout the room. TDMA – Everyone in the room would take turns speaking. Each group of people would be assigned a specific time slot. FDMA – Each group in the room would speak at a different pitch (frequency) far enough apart that they can be differentiated. SDMA – Each group’s speaker would talk in a specific direction, only people in front of them would be able to hear. If the room is big enough you could have multiple people speaking in the same direction as long as they were far enough apart. CDMA – Each group would be assigned a specific language to communicate with. They would be able to easily discern their specific language and all others would be small and ignorable background noise. 6/28/2015 Page 7 of 58Brandt Elster

8. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Background & History OFDMA Basically an enhanced version of FDMA Allows for the elimination of guard bands by using orthogonal signals. Signals are considered to be orthogonal if their dot products are equal to 0 Signals are able to overlap without causing interference to the other Signals are modulated and demodulated using the Fast Fourier Transform SC-OFDM This is a single carrier equivalent of OFDMA Each transmission is given only one carrier This allows the peak-to-average power to be lower thus increasing the capable average power of the power amplifier This is helpful because the user terminal is generally battery powered and this includes both battery life and range 6/28/2015 Page 8 of 58Brandt Elster

9. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Background & History - LTE Part of the 3GPP standard Essentially it is HSPA rev 8 It was given the name Long Term Evolution by the 3GPP The name follows their generally naming scheme. They try to make their name represent their monopoly over the wireless arena GSM stands for Global Standard for Mobile & UMTS stands for Universal Mobile Telephone Standard Originally started as GSM Capable of virtually no data communications Pioneered the first short messaging service (SMS) Supports handoffs with all UMTS and GSM networks There is discussion to build in the ability to support handoffs with CDMA networks 6/28/2015 Page 9 of 58Brandt Elster

10. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Background & History - LTE GSM was the 2G technology that both GPRS and EDGE are based on GPRS was the first step Stands for General Packet Radio Service It is considered to be a 2.5G Capable of speeds from 56 up to 114 kbit/s Supports a very robust voice channel and low bandwidth data options. Main data use was text internet & downloading of reduced size pictures and music 6/28/2015 Page 10 of 58Brandt Elster

11. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Background & History - LTE EDGE was the next step Stands for Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution It is considered to be a 2.75G Capable of speeds from 1 Mbit/s Reduced latency to 100 ms However just like GPRS, the main data use was text internet & downloading of reduced size pictures and music 6/28/2015 Page 11 of 58Brandt Elster

12. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Background & History - LTE Following EDGE came UMTS Stands for Universal Mobile Telephone Standard UMTS was the first truly 3G technology to come from 3GPP UMTS is a completely different technology than GSM. It required a completely new network be built over the top of any existing networks UMTS uses W-CDMA instead of the TMDA that powered GSM The primary difference between W-CDMA and CDMA2000 is that W-CDMA uses 5 MHz blocks of spectrum and CDMA2000 uses only 1.25 MHz blocks, hence where the “wide” came from The first revision of UMTS was capable of speeds up to 2 MB/s 6/28/2015 Page 12 of 58Brandt Elster

13. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Background & History - LTE HSPA was the final step for W-CDMA HSPA stands for High Speed Packet Access There are three different enhancements to HSPA, HSDPA, HSUPA and HSOPA HSDPA stands for High Speed Downlink Packet Access It predominantly increases the download speed of the network. HSUPA stands for High Speed Uplink Packet Access It predominantly increases the upload speed of the network HSOPA stands for High Speed OFDM Packet Access This technology replaces the entire infrastructure of UMTS and replaces it with a new OFDM infrastructure It is a separate technology from LTE but is part of the overall picture. Most likely it will never be implemented but it’s technologies will be morphed into LTE 6/28/2015 Page 13 of 58Brandt Elster

14. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Background & History - LTE Table of different UMTS Technologies and their specifications: TechnologyRelease DataDownlink SpeedUplink Speed UMTS2000384 kb.s128 kb/s HSDPA20007.2 Mb/s384 kb/s HSUPA20057.2 Mb/s5.76 Mb/s HSOPA2009100 Mb/s50 Mb/s LTE2010100 Mb/s50 Mb/s 6/28/2015 Page 14 of 58Brandt Elster

15. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Background & History - UMB Part of the CDMA 2000 standard First named EV-DO rev C Renamed to Ultra Mobile Broadband by the CDMA Development Group (CDG) Originally started as cdmaOne A 2G Qualcomm technology Capable of virtually no data communications Will be capable of call handoffs with all legacy CDMA2000 networks 6/28/2015 Page 15 of 58Brandt Elster

16. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Background & History - UMB cdmaOne was the 2G technology that both 1xRTT, 1xEV-DO, and 1xEV-DV are based on 1xRTT was the first step It is considered to be a 2.5G Capable of speeds up to 144 kbit/s Also referred to as just 1x Supports a very robust voice channel and low bandwidth data options. Main data use was text internet & downloading of reduced size pictures and music 6/28/2015 Page 16 of 58Brandt Elster

17. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Background & History - UMB The next step was 1xEV-DO (Evolution Data Only) Later renamed Evolution Data Optimized to remove the negative connotation Most commonly referred to as just EVDO, or simply EV First truly 3G technology and first real wireless broadband technology. An alternative to EVDO was 1xEV-DV (Evolution Data & Voice) The standard was not completed in time so it was ultimately passed up Theoretical speeds of 3.1 Mbit/s downlink and 1.8 Mbit/s uplink. 6/28/2015 Page 17 of 58Brandt Elster

18. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Background & History - UMB EVDO began as Rel 0. Significant speed improvements over 1x 2.4 Mbit/s downlink 153 kbps uplink Includes the following protocols and more Hybrid ARQ Incremental Redundancy Feedback in the Downlink Downlink and Uplink Rate Controls Supports the following applications broadband Internet MP3 music downloads 3D gaming TV broadcasts Video and audio downloads 6/28/2015 Page 18 of 58Brandt Elster

19. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Background & History - UMB The current and most up to date standard of the CDMA2000 protocol is EVDO Rev A It is currently being deployed over Rel 0 Capable of producing speeds of 3.1 Mbit/s downlink and 1.8 Mbit/s uplink Uses enhanced access channel MAC Controls who sends and who receives and when Advanced QoS support Increased spectral efficiency 1.2 times Rel 0 forward link sector capacity and 3.4 times reverse link sector capacity Low latency, below 50 ms Supports all the services of Rel 0 but adds higher quality video and faster loading times for streaming services 6/28/2015 Page 19 of 58Brandt Elster

20. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Background & History - UMB Rev B would be the next upgrade It is likely to be skipped for Rev C in 2009 similar to how EVDV was bypassed Speeds of up to 14.7 Mbit/s downlink Utilizes statistical multiplexing Hybrid frequency reuse Supports OFDM Adds multi carrier support Rev A uses 1.25 MHz carriers, most likely 3 per user would be used for Rev B, or 3.75 MHz This is unique from HSPA because the carriers do not need to be adjacent This allows operators to combine spectrum from multiple blocks Adds the ability to do High Definition video streaming, multiplayer online gaming, and replacement of home HSI and hotspots 6/28/2015 Page 20 of 58Brandt Elster

21. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Background & History - WiMax It evolved from the WiFi standards in an effort to create a technology that could cover a larger footprint. Example, if WiMax is a cell phone, then WiFi would be a cordless phone. Fixed WiMax was designed as a technology that could be used to blanket a city with mobile internet to replace building costly short range WiFi networks. Mobile WiMax took the same technology and evolved it into version that could work with devices that are no longer stationary WiMax comes from the IEEE 802 set of standards. The IEE 802 standards are a family of standards that deal with Local Area Networks (LANs) and Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) WiMax is the 802.16 standard. 6/28/2015 Page 21 of 58Brandt Elster

22. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Background & History - WiMax History of the IEEE 802 standard IEEE 802.3 is collection of IEEE standards that define the Media Access Control Layer, Physical Layer and Data Link Layer of the wired Ethernet standard IEEE 802.11 is Wireless LAN & Mesh a.k.a. WiFi It is a group of standards for wireless local area networks (WLAN) These typically operate in unlicensed spectrum bands located near 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. Maximum range of WiFi is roughly 70m indoors using the 802.11n standard and is capable of producing 74 Mbit/s IEEE 802.15 is Wireless Person Area Networks (PAN) This standard includes Bluetooth and ZigBee 6/28/2015 Page 22 of 58Brandt Elster

23. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Background & History - WiMax Brief Discussion of 802.11 Wifi Wifi is predominantly used in the 2.4 GHz range due to range limitations with the 5GHz frequency band It divides these frequency bands into channels that are 22 MHz wide with 5 MHz spacing in between. WiFi networks consist of two main components. The Access Points (APs) and the clients. The AP continuously broadcasts it’s SSID or name every 100 ms at 1 Mb/s. Sending at 1 Mb/s ensures that all users are at least capable of sending at that speed. WiFi is not capable of collision detection. It instead does collision avoidance using RTS/CTS. It also uses acknowledgements to make sure that the packet is received. Generally WiFi networks connect back to a 802.3 Ethernet connection, but they can connect 2 devices to one another (AdHoc Networks) or connect a computer directly to the internet. 6/28/2015 Page 23 of 58Brandt Elster

24. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Background & History - WiMax Brief Discussion of 802.11 Wifi ProtocolRelease Date FreqTypical Thruput Max Data Rate Indoor Range Outdoor Range Legacy 802.11 19972.4 GHz.9 Mb/s2 Mb/s20 m100 m 802.11a19995 GHz23 Mb/s54 Mb/s35 m120 m 802.11b19992.4 GHz4.3 Mb/s11 Mb/s38 m140 m 802.11g20032.4 GHz19 Mb/s54 Mb/s38 m140 m 802.11nJune 20092.4 GHz 5 GHZ 74 Mb/s248 Mb/s70 m250 m 802.11yJune 20093.7 GHz23 Mb/s54 Mb/s50 m5 km 6/28/2015 Page 24 of 58Brandt Elster

25. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Motivations - LTE Chosen European standard likely to be used throughout the world Large companies have committed to it Vodaphone (part owner Verizon Wireless) AT&T High speed data throughputs 100 Mbps Downlink 50 Mbps Uplink Cost effective compared to UMTS based technologies Backwards compatible with all UMTS/GSM technologies High QoS for a wide range of applications 6/28/2015 Page 25 of 58Brandt Elster

26. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Motivations - LTE Can be deployed within existing GSM & UMTS frequency bands along side existing networks Can use only a portion of the frequency band in the beginning and then can take more existing spectrum as old networks are phased out. Designed for high mobility Optimized for 0 – 15 km/h High performance still achievable for less than 150 km/h Will still support anything up to 500 km/h 6/28/2015 Page 26 of 58Brandt Elster

27. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Motivations - UMB Motivations for EVDO Rev C (UMB) Backwards compatible with all CDMA 2000 Networks High speed data throughputs 280 Mbps Downlink 75 Mbps Uplink Low latency connections An average of 16 ms (32-byte, RTT) end-to-end network latency High QoS for a wide range of applications Seamless mobility Efficient frequency re-use deployment 6/28/2015 Page 27 of 58Brandt Elster

28. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Motivations - WiMax Time to market: Has already seen a small launch in the United States – Clearwire Has seen similar deployments around the world. Large companies have committed to it Sprint-Nextel (XOHM) SK Telecom (WiBro is a variant of WiMax and has been launched in South Korea) There have been discussions to morph WiMax into the LTE Umbrella and make it a stepping stone to LTE This may be a play simply to discredit WiMax and make it sound inferior The newest revision of Mobile WiMax (802.16m) is expected from the IEEE sometime this year and should bring the theoretical speeds for a mobile application up to a level of those expected from LTE & UMB. 6/28/2015 Page 28 of 58Brandt Elster

29. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Deterrents Long Term Evolution (LTE) Time to market: Not expected to have a widespread deployment until 2012 Components not available until late 2009 4 years behind Mobile WiMax Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) Time to market: Components first available in late 2009 to 2010. No corporate commitments throughout world Even the majority of current CDMA carriers have chosen other platforms Mobile WiMax Speeds are not up to the level of UMB & LTE Downlink capable of 46 Mb/s (without MIMO) Less than half that of UMB & LTE *note that 802.16m is expected to raise these figures to 100 Mb/s and should be out sometime this year and available around 2010. Note this is still 2 years before LTE is expected to widely deployed. Not officially classified as 4G by European standards due in part to insufficient speeds Unproven, a lot is riding on the success of Sprint’s consumer launch (XOHM) Success could lead to more build outs worldwide turning it into a global standard 6/28/2015 Page 29 of 58Brandt Elster

30. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Deterrents All three technologies face another crucial issue. Backhaul As speed increase the need for more and more leased lines increases. Fiber alleviates some pressure but is limited in roll outs and is relatively expensive. Alternative options include but are not limited to Microwave Fixed WiFi or WiMax Dark Fiber ADSL or SHDSL PDH or SDH/SONET infrastructures E1/T1, E3, T3, STM-1/OC-3 … Cable Coaxial lines None of these options is widely available in the U.S., Especially in the mass rural parts of the county. Sprint is supposedly using Microwave to provide the backhaul to their WiMax towers where fiber is not yet available. 6/28/2015 Page 30 of 58Brandt Elster

31. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Spectrum Allocations Long Term Evolution (LTE) 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz chunks Can operate in all 3GPP frequency bands in paired and unpaired spectrum allocations Can sit in the same band as existing 3GPP networks. Allows for LTE to be phased in while older technologies are phased out. Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) 1.25 MHz up to 20 MHz Mobile WiMax Any frequency below 66 GHz Fixed channel sizes of 3.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 7 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz. Mobile channel sizes of 5 MHz, 8.75 MHz and 10 MHz. This does not phase Sprint or Clearwire as both have almost 120 MHz of spectrum in their areas, but smaller companies could face issues when only operating in 10 or 20 MHz blocks. 6/28/2015 Page 31 of 58Brandt Elster

32. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Services and QoS Streaming of high quality video and audio Video calling VOIP for phone calls Provide enhanced data speeds for both handheld devices and laptop connect cards Could replace the traditional wired networks as they are much cheaper than fiber to the curb, and speeds look to be the same if not higher than those offered via wired today This would be for the following services HSI to replace DSL/Cable Modems Digital Phone for the Home IPTV or TV over IP to replace standard cable or satellite provider This would give previously only mobile operators the ability to sell the very lucrative triple play that, up until now, only existing LEC and cable operators have been able to. 6/28/2015 Page 32 of 58Brandt Elster

33. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Services and QoS Category Current Environment 4G Possibilities [Source: UMTS Forum, "Standardising the future of mobile communications with LTE (Long Term Evolution)." Towards Global Mobile Broadband (2008): ] 6/28/2015 Page 33 of 58Brandt Elster

34. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Services and QoS Companies are also looking to build 4G chips into more electronic devices than just cell phones and laptops Looking for every electronic device to have a 4G connection to the internet Fridge could download recipes and auto update shopping list with what you need Digital camera’s would be able to instantly upload photo’s to photo sharing and social networking sites, as well as having the ability to send them via email directly from the camera MP3 players could download songs from anywhere, similar to the Apple iPod Touch but without the need for a WiFi connection Cars would be able to auto diagnose issues and email the mechanic to notify them of issues These are just a couple of the endless possibilities that 4 th generation networks are trying to tap into 6/28/2015 Page 34 of 58Brandt Elster

35. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Network Architecture 6/28/2015 Page 35 of 58Brandt Elster [Source: Dahlman, Erik. 3G Evolution HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband. First. London: ELSEVIER, 2007.]

36. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Network Architecture - LTE LTE combines the following network protocols into a single air interface, utilizing the individual advantages of each one OFDMA MIMO (2x2 or 2x4) ARQ within the RLC sub layer and HARQ within the MAC sub layer FDD & TDD SC-FDMA Up to 64 QAM DL and 16 QAM UL Turbo Coding (rate – 1/3, 2 8 state constituent encoders and a contention-free internal interleaver) 6/28/2015 Page 36 of 58Brandt Elster

37. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Network Architecture - LTE The core network architecture of LTE has been given it’s own name. It is called System Architecture Evolution (SAE) SAE is relatively similar to the GPRS Core Network that includes some basic modifications. Most notably a simplified architecture Spectrum allocations from 1.25 MHz up to 20 MHz Can support 200 simultaneous VOIP users across a cell consisting of 5 MHz Provides interference reduction through power control and link adaptation techniques A common node B. Acts as a common gateway for all of the access technologies that access the network Can support handoffs between both 3GPP networks and non-3GPP networks This should allow legacy CDMA2000 operators to interface their old networks with LTE 6/28/2015 Page 37 of 58Brandt Elster

38. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Network Architecture - LTE 6/28/2015 Page 38 of 58Brandt Elster [Source: Myung, Hyung G.. "Technical Overview of 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)."2007.]

39. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Network Architecture - UMB UMB is a proprietary technology to Qualcomm Inc. There is only a limited amount of information available regarding the actual architecture and physical properties of the technology. This a summary of the available information available from Qualcomm white papers. 6/28/2015 Page 39 of 58Brandt Elster

40. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Network Architecture - UMB According to the CDG UMB combines the following network protocols into a single air interface, utilizing the individual advantages of each one CDMA OFDMA MIMO SDMA FDD 6/28/2015 Page 40 of 58Brandt Elster

41. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Network Architecture - UMB Spectrum allocations from 1.25 MHz up to 20 MHz Can support 1000 simultaneous VOIP users across 20 MHz FDD A flat network architecture Simplifies core network design Eliminates the need for centralized base station controllers (BSCs) A converged-access network (CAN) design that enables seamless mobility A multi-route feature that enables fast switching between base stations and provides requisite support for latency-sensitive applications Layer 2 and layer 3 tunneling mechanisms to simplify the network interface Adaptive interference management 6/28/2015 Page 41 of 58Brandt Elster

42. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Network Architecture - UMB [Source: "UMB Network Architecture." Qualcomm Inc Dec 2007 02 Apr 2008. ] 6/28/2015 Page 42 of 58Brandt Elster

43. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Network Architecture - WiMax Mobile WiMax combines the following network protocols into a single air interface, utilizing the individual advantages of each one TDM access with variable frame sizes (2 - 20 ms) OFDM MIMO Adaptive Antenna System (AAS) QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM Convolutional Codes, Convolutional Turbo Codes, Block Turbo Codes, and Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC) Codes Hybrid ARQ TDD, FDD & H-FDD 6/28/2015 Page 43 of 58Brandt Elster

44. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science The following channel bandwidths are supported: 5 MHz, 7 MHz, 8.75 MHz, 10 MHz and 20 MHz These spectrum allocations can be anywhere within the following licensed spectrum bands 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz, 3.3GHz, 3.5GHz While WiMax can support both TDD and FDD, it is only truly supporting TDD at this point. The ability to do FDD should be built into a later revision. Network Architecture - WiMax 6/28/2015 Page 44 of 58Brandt Elster

45. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Network Architecture - WiMax 6/28/2015 Page 45Brandt Elster "Network Architecture." HiperMAX-micro. Airspan. 7 May 2008.

46. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Physical Layer & MAC Protocols - LTE The physical layer was defined with the bandwidth constraints of LTE in mind. This is important in allowing it to easily adapt to various spectrum allocations It is also important to get as much data throughput as possible through the connection LTE uses up to 64 QAM for the downlink and up to 16 QAM for the uplink. In contrast, its broadcast only channel uses on BPSK. LTE also uses turbo coding for all transport blocks It uses a rate 1/3 code It also has 2 8-state constituent encoders as well as a contention-free QPP internal interleaver The turbo coding scheme uses a trellis termination technique. Before the turbo coding, transport blocks are segmented into byte aligned segments with a maximum information block size of 6144 bits. Error detection is supported by the use of 24 bit CRC. 6/28/2015 Page 46 of 58Brandt Elster

47. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Physical Layer & MAC Protocols - LTE Both the downlink and the uplink share the same frame structure. Both can use either a FDD or TDD mode of operation. LTE frames are defined as 10 ms The frames are divided into 10 subframes Each subframe is further divided into two slots Each.5 ms slot can consist of either 6 or 7 ODFM symbols This structure is shown below 6/28/2015 Page 47 of 58Brandt Elster [Source: Myung, Hyung G.. "Technical Overview of 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)."2007.]

48. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Physical Layer & MAC Protocols - LTE LTE has three access procedures Cell Search Cell search is the protocol for when the mobile handset (terminal) finds a cell tower (cell) that it potentially would like to communicate with The mobile handset needs to identify the cell tower and needs to estimate the frame timing of that cell tower. There are three main steps in performing a cell search 1.To assist in these steps the cell tower broadcasts a primary and secondary synch bit in the downlink 2.The mobile handset uses the primary synch bit to find the primary timing of the tower during a 5 ms slot 3.The mobile handset needs to detect the cell-identity information and determine the frame timing. This can be done by checking the pairs of slots where the secondary synch but should be transmitted 4.The cell tower now broadcasts the system information so that the mobile handset can determine the remaining parameters. 6/28/2015 Page 48 of 58Brandt Elster

49. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Physical Layer & MAC Protocols - LTE LTE has three access procedures Random Access This is when the terminal requests a connection setup There are 4 steps to the random access procedure 1.The terminal first sends a random-access preamble. This allows the eNodeB to estimate the transmission timing of the terminal 2.The network then sends a timing advance command if the terminals transmission timing is off. This also assigns uplink resources to the terminal 3.The mobile-terminal then sends it’s identity to the network. This is sent using the UL-Scheduling protocols specific to the network. 4.The network then sends a contention- resolution message to the terminal. This resolves and conflicts of multiple terminals attempting to access the same resources. 6/28/2015 Page 49 of 58Brandt Elster [Source: Dahlman, Erik. 3G Evolution HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband. First. London: ELSEVIER, 2007.]

50. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Physical Layer & MAC Protocols - LTE LTE has three access procedures Paging When the mobile device is not in use it is allowed to go to sleep Paging sets the protocols for a network-initiated connection setup When the mobile device goes to sleep it automatically wakes up at pre-defined intervals These pre-defined intervals are set up to coincide exactly with the L1/L2 control signaling to prevent the need for a dedicated channel like what is used in UMTS 6/28/2015 Page 50 of 58Brandt Elster [Source: Dahlman, Erik. 3G Evolution HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband. First. London: ELSEVIER, 2007.]

51. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science WiMax uses QPSK, 16 QAM and 64 QAM in the downlink and QPSK and 16 QAM in the uplink WiMax also uses the following coding schemes: Tail-Biting Convolutional Code Convolutional Turbo Code Block Turbo Code (optional) Low-Densitiy Parity Check Code (LDPC) (optional) Zero Tailed Convolutional Code (optional) WiMax also uses a scheduling algorithm Each mobile handset competes for a slot only once (for initial entry into the network). Once it has won an access slot from the base station it cannot lose it unless it disconnects from the tower. The tower can enlarge and contract the individual time slots, but no matter what, it remains assigned to the specific subscriber station Physical Layer & MAC Protocols - WiMax 6/28/2015 Page 51 of 58Brandt Elster

52. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science The mobility versions of WiMax have three basic handover methods defined. They are: Hard Handover (HHO): The mobile handset scans the nearby base stations and gathers a list of all the possible base stations. It uses this information to determine if a handoff is necessary. Both the base station and mobile handset can decide to start the handoff Once this decision is made the handset immediately starts communicating with the new base station Physical Layer & MAC Protocols - WiMax 6/28/2015 Page 52 of 58Brandt Elster

53. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science The mobility versions of WiMax have three basic handover methods defined. They are: Fast Base-Station Switching (FBSS): The mobile handset maintains a set of multiple suitable base stations One base station is selected as the anchor and is where all the communications will take place. The mobile handset will continuously choose which ever base station has the best connection from its list. The mobile handset can change the anchor at any time without any handover signaling Macro-Diversity Handover (MDHO): Just like in FBSS the mobile handset keeps an anchor and a list of base stations However this time the mobile handset communicates with all base stations Physical Layer & MAC Protocols - WiMax 6/28/2015 Page 53 of 58Brandt Elster

54. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Comparison of the Technologies 6/28/2015 Page 54 of 58Brandt Elster AspectLTEUMBWiMax Access Technology (DL) OFDMAOFMDA, SDMA, CDMA* OFDMA Access Technology (UL) OFDMAOFDMS, SDMA, CDMA* OFDMA Capable Speeds100 Mb/s DL 50 Mb/s UL 280 Mb/s DL 75 Mb/s 25 Mb/s Channel BW1.25 to 20 MHz 5, to 20 MHz Spectral Efficiency5 bits/sec/Hz4-6 bits/sec/Hz3.25 bits/sec/Hz Time to market201020092008 LegacyGSM/UMTSCDMA2000WiFi *UMB simply states the use of the technologies. There is no mention on specifics for DL or U **Includes latest release of 802.16M not currently available [Source: Scheim, Jacob. "A comparison of two fourth generation technologies: WiMax and 3GPP-LTE."Comsys. 2006.]

55. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Future of the Technology Long Term Evolution (LTE) Should see deployments throughout Europe, US and Asia Vodaphone, China Mobile, Verizon Wireless, AT&T, T-Mobile (Europe & Australia), Orange, NTT DoCoMo Estimates put 450 Million worldwide subscriber base by 2015 Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) Looks to be a dead technology on arrival Qualcomm is now supporting LTE Mobile WiMax Currently deployed in US under brand XOHM On line in Chicago, Baltimore, Washington DC Consumer launch 2H 2008 Deployed commercially in South Korea SK Telecom under the name WiBro 6/28/2015 Page 55 of 58Brandt Elster

56. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science References 6/28/2015 Page 56 of 58Brandt Elster Dahlman, Erik. 3G Evolution HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband. First. London: ELSEVIER, 2007. TIA, "cdma2000® High Rate Packet Data Air Interface Specification." TIA-856-A Apr 2004 Apr 2 2004. Gozalvez, J. "1. Ultra Mobile Broadband [Mobile Radio]." Vehicular Technology Magazine, IEEE Mar 2007: "3G - Ultra Mobile Broadband." CDG : Technology. 2008. CDG. 2 Apr 2008. ABI Research, " A Poor Market Outlook for Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) Says ABI Research, but Qualcomm’s Future Still Secure." Business Wire 28 Dec 2007: "UMB Network Architecture." Qualcomm Inc Dec 2007 02 Apr 2008. " ULTRA MOBILE BROADBAND (UMB) SPECIFICATION IS PUBLISHED." CDG : Mews & Events. CDG. 2 Apr 2008. "CDMA Buzz-Words EV-DO Rev C as UMB." PhoneNews.com 05 Dec 2006 02 Apr 2008.

57. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science References 6/28/2015 Page 57 of 58Brandt Elster "What Is cdma2000?." cdma2000 Technology Family: 1xRTT, EVDO, UMB, and EVDV 02 Apr 2008. UMTS Forum, "Standardising the future of mobile communications with LTE (Long Term Evolution)." Towards Global Mobile Broadband (2008): Wikipedia. 2 Apr 2008. Scheim, Jacob. "A comparison of two fourth generation technologies: WiMax and 3GPP- LTE."Comsys. 2006. Litwin, Louis. "The principles of OFDM."RF Signal Processing. 2001. Myung, Hyung G.. "Technical Overview of 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)."2007. Li, Bo. "A Survey on Mobile WiMAX."Wireless Broadband Access. 2007. Scrase, Adriane. "Overview of the Current Status of 3GPP LTE."ETSI. 2008. Collins, Gerry. "The Business Case for LTE."Nortel. 2007. Laine, Michael Steve Stanley. "3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution)."University of Kansas. 2008.

58. University of Kansas | School of Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Questions? 6/28/2015 Page 58 of 58Brandt Elster