1. OS Fall’02 Introduction to Networking and Distributed Systems Operating Systems Fall 2002

2. OS Fall’02 Overview  Intro to Networking Review of Basic principles:  layers, protocols, etc … TCP/IP and the Internet Implementation issues  Intro to Distributed systems client/server

3. OS Fall’02 Communication in everyday life I like rabbits Ik hou van konijnen L: Dutch J ’ aime les lapins Ik hou van konijnen L: Dutch Ik hou van konijnen L: Dutch Fax# Ik hou van konijnen L: Dutch Fax#

4. OS Fall’02 Computer based communication mail encode message rep

5. OS Fall’02 Computer based communication mail encode messagerep mail encode packets messreppktagereppkt

6. OS Fall’02 Computer based communication mail encode packets route messagereppktaddr

7. OS Fall’02 Computer based communication mail encode packets route messagereppktaddrECC error

8. OS Fall’02 Layered organization  Computer networks are structured as layer (protocol) stacks  Each layer provides services to the layer above  Layers communicate by protocols protocol service API

9. OS Fall’02 Protocols  Protocol is a collection of message formats and their interpretation needed to implement the layer service format: header+data headers convey the protocol specific information

10. OS Fall’02 Standards and openness  Protocols must be standardized for interoperability  Layer APIs must be standardized for portability  Existing standards: ISO OSI Layered model ( “ eight-layer model ” ) TCP/IP is a de-facto model of the Internet

11. OS Fall’02 ISO OSI Layered model Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

12. OS Fall’02 Lower OSI Layers  Physical layer: Voltages to represent 0/1, how many bits per second can be sent, simplex/duplex, hardware  Data Link layer: Grouping bits into frames, point-to-point reliability, error detection/correction

13. OS Fall’02 Network and Transport  Network layer: Getting data from one host to another  Routing, addressing, fragmentation/reassembly  Transport layer: End-to-end application connectivity Reliable transport connection:  Messages are not lost and delivered in the order they were sent  Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

14. OS Fall’02 Session and Presentation  Session layer: Enhanced transport layer: session control  Presentation layer: Message structure: e.g., records Data representation compression and encryption

15. OS Fall’02 Application Layer  General-purpose high level services and abstractions File transfer (FTP) Hyper-text transfer (HTTP) Remote Procedure Call (RPC) Network File System (NFS) Object Request Brokers  CORBA, Java RMI Etc...

16. OS Fall’02 TCP/IP Protocol Suite Application Presentation Session Transport Network Datalink Physical Application TCP/UDP IP Physical OSI model TCP/IP protocol suite Network access OS Hardware

17. OS Fall’02 Physical Networks  Each computer is directly attached to some physical network Network Interface Cards (NIC)+cables Usually limited geographical scale (Local Area Network=LAN)  MAN, WAN supports routing, addressing, network access within its boundaries  LAN: Ethernet (10Mbit/sec, 100Mbit/sec), Token ring, Fibre channel, etc...

18. OS Fall’02 Physical networks characteristics  Bandwidth: Number of bits per second  Latency: The time it takes to send a single bit  Ethernet: Shared bus bandwidth: 10Mbit/sec Switched Ethernet bw: 100Mbit/sec

19. OS Fall’02 Ethernet LAN  Shared bus  Each NIC has a unique address  Messages are broadcast If collision occurs, wait for a randomly chosen time period and retry Maximum Transfer Unit (MTU) = 1536 Bytes

20. OS Fall’02 Internet protocol (IP)  Creates an illusion of a single physical network over a collection of heterogeneous LANs Global addressing, routing Fragmentation, reassembly to overcome differences in the MTU sizes  Architecture: LANs interconnected by routers (gateways)

21. OS Fall’02 Internet Protocol (IP)  Connectionless Each packet is routed independently based on the IP address in the header  Connections are supported by the transport layer (TCP)

22. OS Fall’02 The Internet

23. OS Fall’02 The Internet

24. OS Fall’02 TCP/IP transport protocols  Connectivity between application end- points Application end-point is uniquely identified by (IP address,port number)  Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Reliable end-to-end byte stream, connection oriented  User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Unreliable, connectionless

25. OS Fall’02 Implementation issues  Reliability  Flow control  Routing

26. OS Fall’02 Reliability  Physical networks are inherently unreliable Messages can be both: corrupted and lost  Dealing with corruption Error detection, error correction  Dealing with message loss retransmission

27. OS Fall’02 Error detection/correction  Parity bit is the simplest error detection technique Parity bit is the binary sum of the message bits Detects corruption of a single bit  More parity bits are needed for error correction

28. OS Fall’02 Error correction  Forward Error Correction (FEC) A bit at position holds parity of bits whose positions includes in its binary representation  The positions of wrong parity bits yield the position of the erroneous bit Corrects a single bit error  In practice more sophisticated techniques are used (e.g., CRC)

29. OS Fall’02 Dealing with message loss  Timeouts Send a message, wait for an acknowledgment (ACK) If an acknowledgment does not arrive during a predefined timeout period: retransmit the message  If ack is lost a message can be sent more than once!  Negative acknowledgments

30. OS Fall’02 Flow control  Sender and received have limited buffer space to hold outgoing and incoming messages  Flow control is needed to avoid buffer overflow  The simplest technique: The receiver buffer size in known in advance Sender never sends a new message until it knows that the receiver has enough space to accommodate it

31. OS Fall’02 Routing  Each router holds a table indicating the next router (hop) on the way to each destination The next hop router must reside on the same physical network (LAN)  Routers exchange messages to update their routing tables  Protocols: Distance Vector (Bellman- Ford), Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

32. OS Fall’02 Distributed Systems  A distributed system (middleware) is an implementation of an application level service  Distributed systems support high level abstractions  Remote Procedure Call (RPC): everything looks like a local function call  Network File System (NFS): everything looks like a local file  Object Based systems: Everything looks like a local object

33. OS Fall’02 Client/Server Paradigm  Distributed systems are usually structured according to the client/server model  A server implements a service  Clients request service from the server using a pre-defined protocol  WWW, FTP, Telnet, NFS are all client/server based

34. OS Fall’02 Internet Well-known services  Well-known services must be supported by all the computers connected to the Internet Ftp, telnet, rlogin, nfs  Domain Name Service (DNS) Symbolic name IP address  Uniquely identified by the port number of the server HTTP: 80, FTP: 20

35. OS Fall’02 RPC  A server registers a procedure implementation  A client calls a function which looks local to the client E.g., add(a,b)  The RPC implementation packs (marshals) the function name and parameter values into a message and sends it to the server

36. OS Fall’02 RPC  Server accepts the message, unpacks (unmarshals) parameters and calls the local function  Return values is then marshaled into a message and sent back to the client  Marshaling/unmarshaling must take into account differences in data representation

37. OS Fall’02 RPC  Transport: both TCP and UDP  Data types: atomic types and non- recursive structures  Pointers are not supported  Complex memory objects (e.g., linked lists) are not supported  NFS is built on top of RPC

38. OS Fall’02 Next:  Storage Area Networks and  Modern storage architectures