1. Keiling et al. ‘03 VisibleFUV Downward Poynting Flux Upward Poynting Flux Auroral Morphology as seen in

2. Occurrence of Upward Ion Beams Near 1R E Altitude (Polar TIMAS) Collin et al. ‘98

3. Carlson et al. ‘01 Alfvén Wave Induced Outflow

4. Auroral Luminosity Downward Alfvén Poynting Flux Upward Ion Beams Liou et al. ‘97 Keiling et al. ‘03 Collin et al. ‘98

5. OUTFLOW Strangeway et al. ’02

6. Li and Temerin ‘93

7. Auroral substorms & geomagnetic storms Hypothesis (McFadden) Substorms deposit EM energy at low altitude. Ionosphere expands, promoting intense ion outflows. Stormtime electric fields force outflowing ions into near-earth plasmasheet. Betatron acceleration energizes earthward convecting ions. The now prodigious, energetic ions further energize the ring current, intensifying the storm.