1. Perfect Competition & Welfare

2. Outline Derive aggregate supply function Short and Long run equilibrium Practice problem Consumer and Producer Surplus Dead weight loss Practice problem

3. Focus on profit maximizing behavior of firms Take as given the market demand curve Equation: P = A - B.Q linear demand Equation: P = A - B.Q linear demand Inverse demand function: willingness to pay Maximum willingness to pay Maximum willingness to pay $/unit Quantity A A/B Demand P1P1 Q1Q1 Constant slope Constant slope At price P 1 a consumer will buy quantity Q 1 At price P 1 a consumer will buy quantity Q 1

4. Perfect Competition Firms and consumers are price-takers Firm can sell as much as it likes at the ruling market price  do not need many firms  do need the idea that firms believe that their actions will not affect the market price Therefore, marginal revenue equals price To maximize profit a firm of any type must equate marginal revenue with marginal cost So in perfect competition price equals marginal cost

5. MR = MC Profit is  (q) = R(q) - C(q) Profit maximization: d  /dq = 0 This implies dR(q)/dq - dC(q)/dq = 0 But dR(q)/dq = marginal revenue dC(q)/dq = marginal cost So profit maximization implies MR = MC

6. Perfect competition: an illustration $/unit Quantity $/unit Quantity D1D1 S1S1 QCQC AC MC PCPC PCPC (b) The Industry(a) The Firm With market demand D 1 and market supply S 1 equilibrium price is P C and quantity is Q C With market demand D1D1 and market supply S1S1 equilibrium price is PCPC and quantity is QCQC With market price P C the firm maximizes profit by setting MR (= P C ) = MC and producing quantity q c With market price PCPC the firm maximizes profit by setting MR (= P C ) = MC and producing quantity qcqc qcqc D2D2 Now assume that demand increases to D 2 Now assume that demand increases to D2D2 Q1Q1 P1P1 P1P1 With market demand D 2 and market supply S 1 equilibrium price is P 1 and quantity is Q 1 With market demand D2D2 and market supply S1S1 equilibrium price is P1P1 and quantity is Q1Q1 q1q1 Existing firms maximize profits by increasing output to q 1 Existing firms maximize profits by increasing output to q1q1 Excess profits induce new firms to enter the market Excess profits induce new firms to enter the market The supply curve moves to the right Price falls Entry continues while profits exist Long-run equilibrium is restored at price P C and supply curve S 2 S2S2 Q´ C

7. Perfect competition: additional points Derivation of the short-run supply curve  this is the horizontal summation of the individual firms’ marginal cost curves Example 1: Three firms Firm 1: MC = 4q + 8 Firm 2: MC = 2q + 8 Firm 3: MC = 6q + 8 Invert these Aggregate: Q= q 1 +q 2 +q 3 = 11MC/12 - 22/3 MC = 12Q/11 + 8 Firm 1: q = MC/4 - 2 Firm 2: q = MC/2 - 4 Firm 3: q = MC/6 - 4/3 Firm 1 Firm 3 Firm 2 q 1 +q 2 +q 3 $/unit Quantity 8

8. Example 2: Eighty firms Each firm: MC = 4q + 8 Invert these Each firm: q = MC/4 - 2 Aggregate: Q= 80q = 20MC - 160 MC = Q/20 + 8 Firm i $/unit Quantity 8 Definition of normal profit  not the same as zero profit  implies that a firm is making the market return on the assets employed in the business Aggregate

9. Practice problem Initial number of firms = 20 1)Find short run equilibrium 2)Find long run equilibrium

10. Short run

11. Long run P = min avg cost Point at which MC=AC

12. Exercise Competitive Industry – 2 types of firms 1.Low cost firms: Constant marginal cost 10 cents per unit – no fixed cost. Total capacity of group = 1000 units 2.High cost firms: marginal cost of 20 cents per unit When producing at full capacity average cost = 30 cents total group capacity of 2000 units a) Draw the long run supply curve of this industry and the short run supply curve assuming all firms are active.

13. (b) After a fall in demand, there has been an initial price reduction in the short run, followed by a price increase in the long run. Draw demand curves before and after the fall in demand that would lead to this situation. Explain. (c) Consider again the initial situation and suppose the low cost firms discover extra capacity (e.g. new oil wells) at the same marginal cost of 10 cents per unit and that in the short run this lead to a reduction in price but in the long run the price returned to its previous level. Draw a picture for the supply function of this industry prior and after the change and the demand function that would explain this situation.

14. Efficiency and Surplus Can we reallocate resources to make some individuals better off without making others worse off? Need a measure of well-being  consumer surplus: difference between the maximum amount a consumer is willing to pay for a unit of a good and the amount actually paid for that unit  aggregate consumer surplus is the sum over all units consumed and all consumers  producer surplus: difference between the amount a producer receives from the sale of a unit and the amount that unit costs to produce  aggregate producer surplus is the sum over all units produced and all producers  total surplus = consumer surplus + producer surplus

15. Quantity $/unit Demand Competitive Supply PCPC QCQC The demand curve measures the willingness to pay for each unit Consumer surplus is the area between the demand curve and the equilibrium price Consumer surplus The supply curve measures the marginal cost of each unit Producer surplus is the area between the supply curve and the equilibrium price Producer surplus Aggregate surplus is the sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus Equilibrium occurs where supply equals demand: price P C quantity Q C Equilibrium occurs where supply equals demand: price PCPC quantity QCQC Efficiency and surplus: illustration The competitive equilibrium is efficient

16. Illustration (cont.) Quantity Demand Competitive Supply QCQC PCPC $/unit Assume that a greater quantity QGQG is traded Price falls to PGPG QGQG PGPG Producer surplus is now a positive part and a negative part Consumer surplus increases Part of this is a transfer from producers Part offsets the negative producer surplus The net effect is a reduction in total surplus

17. Output restricted to Q M Demand Competitive Supply QCQC PCPC $/unit MRQuantity Suppose output is restricted to QMQM The market clearing price is PMPM QMQM PMPM Consumer surplus is given by this area And producer surplus is given by this area There are mutually beneficial trades that do not take place: between QM QM and QCQC This is the deadweight loss of monopoly This is the deadweight loss of monopoly

18. Exercise Consider a competitive industry where all firms are identical with cost function: C = 200 +q 2 /2 + 10q. Market demand is given by: p = 55 -Q/20 Find the long run equilibrium (price, quantity and number of firms.) Mc=q+10, AC=200/q+q/2+10 Equating get: q/2=200/q  q 2 = 400  q=20 p=mc=30 Substituting in demand function: 30=55-Q/20  Q=500 Number of firms nq=Q  n=Q/q=500/20=25

19. Exercise (continued) Suppose now the government introduces a regulation that limits the size of firms to no more than 10 units. Will there be exit or entry of firms? Find the new long run equilibrium. q AC 20 30 10 AC=200/q+q/2+10 AC(10)=35 P=35=55-Q/20 Q=400 n=40 35

20. Exercise (continued) Suppose now the government introduces a regulation that forces firms to produce no less than 40 units. Find the new long run equilibrium. q AC 20 30 40 AC=200/q+q/2+10 AC(40)=35 P=35=55-Q/20 Q=400 n=10 35

21. Exercise (continued) Welfare cost: Q QsQs 30 35 Welfare loss 500400 Welfare loss: 5*400+100*5/2 =2,250 Original Surplus: 500*25/2=6,250 % loss = 36% 55