1. NB 2: The photophysics Is hidden in σ (So we haven’t done much yet) 1

2. EINSTEIN COEFFICIENT # of transitions / second: Amplitude of TRANSITION MOMENT # of molecules degeneracy Radiation density =# of photons/unit freq. 2

3. Stimulated emission Spontaneous emission 3

4. Stimulated emission Spontaneous emission 4

5. 5

6. 6

7. 7

8. 8

9. YAG laser 9

10. Boltzman Planck 10

11. Oscillator strength 11

12. Oscillator strength 12

13. Other interactions Magnetic interaction of B with charge: ≈1/137 of electric interaction of E (fine structure constant: e 2 /hc = 1/137.036) → Magnetic dipole ≈ 10 -4 – 10 -5 compared to electric dipole Spatial variation: Operators qx 2, qxy, etc. (λ≈10 3 times the size of an atom) → Electric quadrupole ≈ 10 -6 compared to electric dipole 13

14. Lifetimes Einstein coefficients are rate constants 14

15. 15

16. Heisenberg may have been here 16

17. Contributions to excited state lifetime  Natural lifetime  Pressure broadening  Saturaion broadening  Doppler broadening NB: f(v) in a gas is Gaussian  Doppler line shape is Gausian 17

18. 18

19. 19

20. 20

21. 21

22. 22

23. 23

24. (depends on coordinates of electrons and nuclei And on time) electrons Nuclei 24

25. NB: Resonant frequency NB 1: I = f  e 0 and µ becomes permanent dipole NB 2: ν if as beat frequency NB 3:compare to nuclear vibrations 25

26. Compare 10 15 s -1 to IR: Nuclear motion is 2 orders of Magnitude slower than Electronic motion Born-Oppenheimer approximation 26

27. Max Born (1882-1970) pq – qp = h/2πi Olivia Newton-John Robert Oppenheimer 27

28. Max Born (1882-1970) pq – qp = h/2πi Max Delbrück Walter Elsasser Friedrich Hund Pascual Jordan Maria Goeppert-Mayer Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim J. Robert Oppenheimer Victor Weisskopf. Enrico Fermi Werner Heisenberg Gerhard Herzberg Friedrich Hund Pascual Jordan Wolfgang Pauli Léon Rosenfeld Edward Teller Eugene Wigner NB: 1933: Heisenberg Schrodinger+Dirac 28

29. The Russell-Einstein Manifesto Issued in London, 9 July 1955 Bertrand Russell and Albert Einstein 29

30. There lies before us, if we choose, continual progress in happiness, knowledge, and wisdom. Shall we, instead, choose death, because we cannot forget our quarrels? We appeal as human beings to human beings: Remember your humanity, and forget the rest. If you can do so, the way lies open to a new Paradise; if you cannot, there lies before you the risk of universal death. Resolution: WE invite this Congress, and through it the scientists of the world and the general public, to subscribe to the following resolution: "In view of the fact that in any future world war nuclear weapons will certainly be employed, and that such weapons threaten the continued existence of mankind, we urge the governments of the world to realize, and to acknowledge publicly, that their purpose cannot be furthered by a world war, and we urge them, consequently, to find peaceful means for the settlement of all matters of dispute between them." Max Born Percy W. Bridgman Albert Einstein Leopold Infeld Frederic Joliot-Curie Herman J. Muller Linus Pauling Cecil F. Powell Joseph Rotblat Bertrand Russell Hideki Yukawa 30

31. There lies before us, if we choose, continual progress in happiness, knowledge, and wisdom. Shall we, instead, choose death, because we cannot forget our quarrels? We appeal as human beings to human beings: Remember your humanity, and forget the rest. If you can do so, the way lies open to a new Paradise; if you cannot, there lies before you the risk of universal death. Resolution: WE invite this Congress, and through it the scientists of the world and the general public, to subscribe to the following resolution: "In view of the fact that in any future world war nuclear weapons will certainly be employed, and that such weapons threaten the continued existence of mankind, we urge the governments of the world to realize, and to acknowledge publicly, that their purpose cannot be furthered by a world war, and we urge them, consequently, to find peaceful means for the settlement of all matters of dispute between them." Max Born (physics 1954) Percy W. Bridgman (physics 1946) Albert Einstein (physics 1921) Leopold Infeld Frederic Joliot-Curie (physics 1935) Herman J. Muller (physiology or medicine 1946) Linus Pauling (chemistry 1954, peace 1962) Cecil F. Powell (physics 1950) Joseph Rotblat (peace 1995) Bertrand Russell (literature 1950) Hideki Yukawa (physics 1949) 31

32. Joseph Rotblat – Nobel Peace prize 1995 (together with Pugwash conferences) Russel-Einstein Manifesto, 1995: “Above all, rememebr your humanity” It's the psychology of war,' said Joseph Rotblat. 'Once we enter war, our moral values are thrown overboard. We are encouraged to kill people. Even people who in the past had been friends became, in our minds, our mortal enemies.' 32

33. Max Born (1882-1970) pq – qp = h/2πi Robert Oppenheimer 33

34. Orthogonal (no overlap) tells if allowed or forbidden: must be symmetric  selection rules Franck-condon factors 34

35. M x is odd: 35

36. verbotenallowed 36

37. One more parameter………. SPIN αβ updown ↑↓ +½-½ 37

38. Pauli principle 38

39. If we can separate space and spin (no spin-orbit coupling): 39