1. Population Management

2. Florida Panther

3. Florida Panther Distribution

4. Panther Road Sign and Underpass

6. Wildlife Overpass Banff NP, Canada

7. Wildlife Overpass Catalonia, Spain

8. Wildlife Overpass Netherlands

9. Red Crab Crossing - Australia

10. Grate at Entrance to Bat Cave

11. Population management Limiting risks to populations

12. Feral Cat - Galapagos

13. Feral Cat Trapping

14. Piping Plover

15. Piping Plover Breeding Range

16. Moonstone Beach, RI

17. Piping Plover Protection

19. Feral pig in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park

20. Pig fence – Hawaii Volcanoes National Park

21. Robbin’s Cinquefoil

22. Robbin’s Cinquefoil Habitat - White Mountains, New Hampshire

23. Robbin’s Cinquefoil Protection

24. Black Locust

25. Managing vs. Manipulating Populations Managing populations - controlling the environment (biological and physical) around the population and trying to ensure that the population has what it needs to survive in that environment Manipulating a population is a more direct intervention - usually manipulating a population indicates a high level of human-population contact, often with humans directly handling the individuals in the population

26. Saving Species “In terms of saving species, there are no hopeless cases, there are only difficult cases and people without hope.” - Michael Soule

27. New Zealand

28. Giant Weta

29. Giant Weta And Biologist

30. Kiwi

31. Kiwi and egg

33. Kakapo

34. Kakapo and Biologist

35. Takahe

36. Takahe and chick

37. Desert Bighorn Sheep

38. Whitetail Deer

39. Wild Turkey

40. Wood Duck

41. When reintroducing animals, we have learned that: 1. larger founder populations are more successful 2. habitat suitability is important 3. increased number and sizes of clutches (litters) enhances success of establishment 4. herbivores are more successfully established than carnivores 5. competing species in an area may prevent successful establishment

42. Reintroductions more successful when: organisms must be translocated into undegraded habitat; substantial numbers of individuals must be reintroduced - often many of them over a long period of time; careful husbandry of the species may be required - providing food, water or controlling species which may have a negative effect on the species

43. Przewalski’s Horse or Takh

45. Przewalski’s horse reserves – Mongolia and Uzbekistan

46. Restoration of desert streams and fish populations BeforeAfter

49. 1996 – Montana Wolf Reintroduction Protest

50. Yellowstone Wolf Pack Locations

53. Yellowstone Wolf

54. Yellowstone Wolf Prey

55. Idaho Wolf Release - 1996

56. Current Wolf Distribution – ID, WY, MT

57. Wolf Population Growth

58. Desert Tortoise

59. Desert Tortoise Habitat

60. Pacific Salmon Species

63. Peregrine Falcon – British subspecies - peregrinus

64. Peregrine Falcon – Alaskan coastal subspecies - pealei

65. Peregrine Falcon Range Map

66. Ecosystem Management And Preservation

67. Ecosystem Preservation – Boreal Forests, etc.

68. Semi-Natural Ecosystems Ecosystems that have been modified by some human activities such as logging, fishing and grazing but which are still dominated by native species

69. Early Conservation Efforts 3000 YA – Ikhnaton sets aside land for game preserve Asoka – 272-232 BCE declared some animals can’t be killed, forests not burned

70. Modern National Parks – Yellowstone N.P. - 1872

72. Hayden survey of Yellowstone – 1870

73. Yellowstone National Park – Army Bike Patrol

74. Reserves Reserves – any natural or semi-natural ecosystem that is protected from most forms of human use - however, we must remember that reserves go by several different names - national parks, refuges, national monuments, national wilderness areas, preserves and more

75. Reserve Selection Reserves are developed by a variety of mechanisms: 1.Government action – usually at a national level, but may happen at regional or local level as well 2.Land purchases by private individuals and conservation organizations (such as The Nature Conservancy) 3.Actions of indigenous peoples and traditional societies 4.Development of biological field stations – usually combine biodiversity protection and research with education

76. Grand Canyon

77. Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

78. Houston Toad

80. Creating Preserves Creating new reserves requires the following steps: 1.Identifying priorities for conservation 2.Determining those areas of each country that should be protected to meet conservation priorities 3.Linking new protected areas to existing conservation networks, using techniques such as gap analysis

81. Setting Priorities 1. Distinctiveness (or irrereplaceability) – an ecosystem that consists of primarily rare or endemic species or that has other unusual attributes (scenic value, geological features) is given highest priority 2.Endangerment (or vulnerability) – species in danger of extinction are of greater concern than those that are not 3.Utility – species that have present or potential value to people are given more conservation priority than species of no obvious use to people

82. Distinctive Ecosystem – Peat Bogs

83. Rarity – European Bison

84. Utility – wild apple Kazakhstan

85. Determining which areas should be protected 1. The Species Approach – focus on focal species (indicators, flagship or umbrella species) 2.The Ecosystem approach – save enough representatives of each ecosystem (at least 10%) can save most biodiversity 3.The Hotspot Approach – save areas that have high numbers of species – especially rare or endemic species

86. Indicator species – Freshwater mussels

87. Ecosystem Classification

88. Ponderosa Pine Forest

89. Hotspots Hot spots or centers of diversity – are areas with high levels of species diversity and usually also high levels of endemism – thus become key areas to preserve – at least 34 global hotspots have been identified

92. Continental U.S. Biodiversity Hotspots

94. Protected Areas in the U.S.

95. Hotspots and Protected Areas in the U.S.

96. Hotspots on Mt. Mulanje, Malawi

97. Habitat Occupied and Reserves for Hawaiian Finches

98. Rare and Endangered Species in the US Andy Dobson examined the distributions of 900 rare and endangered species in the US and found: 0.8 to 3.3 percent of the land in the lower 48 states provides habitat for just over 50% of the rare and endangered species At risk reptiles and amphibians occupy 0.68% of US land; endangered fish take up the most space - 3.33 % San Diego County, California is a hot spot for endangered fish, mammals and plants Santa Cruz County, California is a hot spot for endangered arthropods, reptiles, amphibians, and plants 4 counties in Hawaii are hot spots for endangered birds and plants

99. Gap Analysis 1.Data are compiled on the species, ecosystems and physical features of the region – sometimes referred to as conservation units or ecoregions 2.Conservation goals are identified, such as amount of area to be protected for each ecosystem 3.Existing conservation areas are reviewed to determine what is protected already and what is not (identifying the gaps) 4.Additional areas are identified to help meet the conservation goals (filling the gaps) 5.Additional areas are acquired for conservation and a management plan is developed and implemented 6.The new protected areas are monitored and management plans adjusted

100. Idaho Ecoregions – birth of GAP analysis

101. Idaho – Western Juniper Shrubland