3. Top Factors in Helping Graduating College Students Obtain Employment
Oral (spoken) communication
Written communication skills
Listening ability
Enthusiasm
Technical competence
Work experience
Appearance
Poise
Resume
Part-time or summer employment
Specific degree held
Leadership in campus/community activity
Recommendations
Accreditation of program
Participation in campus/community activity
Grade point average (gpa)
Source: Winsor, JB,Curtis “National Preferences in Business and Communication Educatoin: A Survey Update,” Journal of the Associaton for Communication Administration 3, September 1997; 174.

4. Communication as Interaction
As message is sent, feedback to
sender is provided by receiver.
Communication happens within a context (environment/situation in which speech occurs.)

5. Consider Your Audience
Gather & analyze information about audience.
Consider culturally diverse backgrounds of audience.
Adapt speech to particular audience.

6. Build Your Confidence Don’t delay preparing.
Before your speech:
Don’t delay preparing.
Learn as much as you can about your audience.
Pick a comfortable and familiar topic.
Rehearse your speech.
Present a structured speech.

7. Three parts of a Speech: Introduction, Body & Conclusion
Your speech introduction should be about 10 percent of your speaking time.
The same 10 percent estimates applies to your conclusion.
The body of your speech should represent 80 percent of speaking time.

8. 2. Determine Your Purpose
General Purpose: overarching goal of your speech
Three (3) Types of General Purposes
Inform: teach, define or clarify.
Persuade: change or strengthen thoughts or behaviors.
Entertain: amuse with stories, illustrations and humor.

9. Specific Purpose Exact response you want from audience.
(YOU must have a “Special Purpose” note card.)
Exact response you want from audience.
Concise statement indicating what you want audience to do, think, feel or remember.
“At the end of my speech, the audience will be able to. . .”
Use verbs such as: list, explain, describe or write.
Do not use words such as: know, understand or believe.

10. An example of SPECIFIC PURPOSE STATEMENT:
Topic: The South Beach Diet.
General Purpose: To inform.
Specific Purpose: At the end of my speech, the audience will be able to identify the three key elements in the South Beach diet.
Central Idea: The South Beach diet is based upon reducing the amount of carbohydrates you eat, drinking more water, and increasing the amount of exercise.

11. Organizational Arrangements
Once a speaker has determined what the main and supporting points will be, he/she can proceed to organize them according to one or a combination of patterns*

12. Organizational Arrangements Topical Arrangements
A topical pattern of arrangement is used when each of the main points of a topic is of relatively equal importance, and when these points can be presented in any order relative to the other main points without changing the message*

13. Organizational Arrangements Chronological Arrangements
The chronological pattern of arrangement is used to reflect the natural or sequential order of the main points*

14. Organizational Arrangements Spatial Arrangements
Spatial or geographical patterns of arrangement are used when main points are arranged in order of their physical proximity or direction relative to each other*

15. Organizational Arrangements Causal Arrangements
A causal pattern of arrangement is used when the main points of the speech compare something known to be a “cause” to its “effects”*

16. Organizational Arrangements Problem-Solution Arrangements
A problem-solution pattern of arrangement is used when the main points are organized to demonstrate the nature and significance of a problem and then to provide justification for a proposed solution*

17. Organizing Your Main Ideas
Topically.
Chronologically.
Spatially.
Cause & Effect.
Problem & Solution.
Acknowledging Cultural
Differences in Organization.

18. Organizing Your Main Ideas
Organizing Ideas Topically
Ideas naturally divide.
Ideas cover types of topics.
Ideas broken down by:
Recency (save most
memorable point for last).
Primacy (first point is most convincing).
Complexity (simple to complex points).
Speaker decisions (on what themes should be points).

19. Organizing Your Main Ideas Topically
Benefits of
bilingual education
Types of living arrangements for college students
I. Cultural
II. Intellectual
III. Professional
I. Dormitory
II. Apartment
III. Fraternity/Sorority
IV. Home

20. Organizing Your Main Ideas
Ordering Ideas Chronologically
Ideas arranged based
on sequence of steps.
Ideas need to be
arranged in
specific order.
History speeches.
“How to” speeches
(process).

21. Organizing Your Main Ideas
Chronologically
Stripping paint
From furniture
Evolution
of Rock & Roll
I. Prepare surface
II. Apply chemicals
III. Remove with
scraper
IV. Clean and sand.
I ’s Rock & Roll
II ’s Rock & Roll
III. 1980’s Rock & Roll
IV. 1990’s Rock & Roll

22. Organizing Your Main Ideas
Arranging Ideas Spatially
When each idea has a
specific location or
direction.
Can focus on different
parts of a building,
organization,
machine, etc.
Can examine different
regions of a city, nation,
continent, etc.

23. Organizing Your Main Ideas
Spatially
Regions impacted by
Hurricane Katrina
Places to study
on campus
New Orleans
State of Louisiana
State of Mississippi
State of Alabama
I. Classrooms
II. Student Union
III. Libraries
IV. Computer Labs

24. Organizing Your Main Ideas
Organizing Ideas to show
Cause and Effect
Ideas show relationship
between certain factors
and certain results.
From effect to cause.
From cause to effect.

25. Organizing Your Main Ideas
Cause and Effect
Effect to Cause
Cause to Effect
I. Huge
national
debt
(Effect)
Increased
pollution
emissions
(Cause)
Government
overspending.
II. Warmer global
climate

26. Organizing Your Main Ideas
Organizing Ideas by
Problem & Solution
A relationship
between something that is
wrong, and how it can be corrected.
From problem to solution.
From solution to problem.

27. Organizing Your Main Ideas
Problem and Solution
Problem to Solution
Solution to Problem
Increased crime
on college campuses
(Problem)
Service learning
benefits students & the
community (Solution)
Stricter enforcement of
Campus Security Act.
Assign student ID #’s.
Use key cards in
buildings
(Solutions)
Cities have a lack of
volunteers for social
service agencies.
Students are not
getting real world
experience (Problems)