1. Norman W. Garrick Lecture 4 Sustainable Transportation
The Automobile Era
Norman W. Garrick
Lecture 4
Sustainable Transportation

2. Vehicle Miles Travelled
Ref for VMT
Ref for Vehicle Data

3. 1915 Model T
Henry Ford did not invent the automobile or the assembly line. He did, however, change the world by using an assembly line technique to produce cars which could be afforded by everyone. From 1909 to 1927, the Ford Motor Company built more than 15 million Model T cars. Without a doubt, Henry Ford transformed the economic and social fabric of the 20th century.

4. http://www. uniquecarsandparts. com

5. What Issues of Sustainability are Associated with Increased VMT?

6. 3,000,000,000,000 miles per year 3 Trillion Miles How much fuel?
At average fleet efficiency rate of 20 mpg we use 150,000,000,000 gallons of gasoline per year

7. 150,000,000,000 gallons of gasoline per year
What is the retail cost this gasoline?
At an average cost of $2:80 per gallon
We spend $420,000,000,000 on gasoline per year

8. $14,300,000,000,000 Gross Domestic Product of the USA
Retail gasoline cost as a fraction of USA GDP?
3 %

9. % of GDP spent on Housing 24 % Healthcare 16 % Food 12 % Transportation 11% Education 7 %

10. VMT/day/capita
Ref for VMT
Ref for Vehicle Data

11. VMT/capita in USA Peaked at 27.9 miles per day per capita in 2004
Deceased by 1.4 miles per day in 2008 – largest one year decrease ever in absolute terms
In 1942 and 1943, VMT/capita decreased by over 20% in consecutive years
In contrast the decrease in 2008 was only 5%
The only times VMT/capita decreased was during
The great depression of the 1930s,
World War II
The Oil Crisis of the 1970s, and
The recession of the early 1980s
Now

12. VMT in USA is about 27 miles per day per person

13. VMT/capita/day Portland (OR) Metropolitan Area

14. VMT/capita versus GDP
Ref: Millard-Ball, A and Schipper, L ‘Are We Reaching a Plateau or “Peak” Travel? Trends in Passenger Transportation in Six Industrialized Countries’, TRB Meeting 2010

15. Motor Vehicles/1000 in USA China 2005 Africa 2005 China 1995
Central and South America
China 2005
Africa 2005
Western Europe
China 1995
Ref for VMT
Ref for Vehicle Data

16. Motor Vehicles in USA 800 per 1000 people

18. Total Number of Vehicles versus Population in USA 1900 to 2005
Ref for VMT
Ref for Vehicle Data

19. Vehicles versus VMT in USA 1900 to 2005
Ref for VMT
Ref for Vehicle Data

20. VMT per Vehicle in USA 1900 to 2005
Ref for VMT
Ref for Vehicle Data

21. Creating Automobility
How did we go from 5 to 200 vehicles per 1000 in less that 20 years?
This change required an enormous shift in how we lived and the structure of
our cities.
One battle ground in this revolution was our city streets.

22. Before the advent of the automobile, the users of city streets were diverse and included children at play and pedestrians at large.
By 1930, most streets were primarily motor thoroughfares where pedestrians were condemned as ‘jaywalkers.’
In Fighting Traffic, Peter Norton argues that to accommodate automobiles, the American city required not only a physical change but also a social one: before the city could be reconstructed for the sake of motorists, its streets had to be socially reconstructed as places where motorists belonged.
It was not an evolution, but a bloody and sometimes violent revolution.

23. A New Challenge to Use of Streets
Shared Space
A New Challenge to Use of Streets