1. Multiple Intelligences

2. 定義 Human intelligence has the following characteristics: Human intelligence has the following characteristics: 1. A set of skills that enable a person to resolve genuine problems encountered in life. 2. The ability to create an effective product or offer a service that is valued in a culture.

3. 定義 3. The potential for recognizing or creating problems, thereby establishing the necessity for the new knowledge.

4. 1. Singular/multiple. 2. Unique blend of dynamic intelligences 3. Vary in development 4. Dynamic 5. Be identified and described 6. Recognize and develop 7. To enhance another intelligence Principles of MI

5. 8.Personal background 9.To provide 10.Pure intelligence 11.Developmental theory 12.Be subject to change

6. Multiple Intelligences Related work by psychologist Howard Gardner （ 1983 ） on multiple intelligences has been influential in language teaching circles. Related work by psychologist Howard Gardner （ 1983 ） on multiple intelligences has been influential in language teaching circles. Gardner has theorized that individuals have at least 8 distinct intelligences that can be developed over a lifetime. Gardner has theorized that individuals have at least 8 distinct intelligences that can be developed over a lifetime.

7. Logical/mathematical ＊ to use numbers effectively ＊ to see abstract patterns ＊ to reason well ＊ to think of cause and effect connections ＊ to understand relationships among actions, objects or ideas objects or ideas ＊ to calculate ＊ to quantify ＊ to consider propositions and perform complex mathematical operations complex mathematical operations ＊ inductive and deductive reasoning skills ＊ critical and creative problem-solving

8. Visual /spatial ＊ to orient oneself in the environment ＊ to create mental images ＊ a sensitivity to shape, size, color ＊ to think in pictures and perceive the visual world accurately visual world accurately ＊ to think in three-dimensions and transform one’s perceptions and re- transform one’s perceptions and re- create aspects of one’s visual create aspects of one’s visual experience via imagination experience via imagination

9. Body/kinesthetic ＊, to use one ’ s body to express oneself and solve problems and solve problems ＊ to think in movement and use the body in skilled and complicated ways for skilled and complicated ways for expressive as well as goal-directed expressive as well as goal-directed activities activities ＊ a sense of timing and coordination for whole body movement whole body movement ＊ the use of hands for manipulating objects

10. Musical/rhythmic ＊ to recognize tonal patterns and a sensitivity of sounds, rhythms, rhymes, sensitivity of sounds, rhythms, rhymes, pitches, timbres, melodies pitches, timbres, melodies ＊ to recognize, create and reproduce music by using an instrument or the voice by using an instrument or the voice ＊ involve active listening and a strong connection between music and emotions connection between music and emotions

11. Interpersonal ＊ to have empathy and recognize distinctions among people and to distinctions among people and to appreciate their perspectives with a appreciate their perspectives with a sensitivity to their moods, feelings, sensitivity to their moods, feelings, motivations, and intentions motivations, and intentions ＊ to interact effectively with one or more people among family, friends or working people among family, friends or working relationships relationships

12. Intrapersonal ＊ to understand oneself and to self- discipline discipline ＊ to be aware of one’s strengths and weaknesses and to plan effectively weaknesses and to plan effectively to achieve personal goals to achieve personal goals ＊ to reflect on and monitor one’s thoughts and feelings and regulate thoughts and feelings and regulate them effectively them effectively ＊ to monitor oneself in interpersonal relationships and to act with relationships and to act with personal efficacy personal efficacy

13. Verbal/linguistic ＊ to think in words and to use language effectively and creatively language effectively and creatively to express an understand complex to express an understand complex meanings meanings ＊ sensitivity to the meaning of words, sounds, rhythms, and inflections sounds, rhythms, and inflections

14. Naturalistic （ the eighth intelligences added in 1999 ） Naturalistic （ the eighth intelligences added in 1999 ） ＊ to be knowledgeable about and comfortable in the natural world the natural world ＊ to understand the natural world including plants, animals, and scientific studies animals, and scientific studies ＊ to recognize and classify individual s, species, and ecological relationships and ecological relationships ＊ to interact effectively with living creatures and discern patterns of life and natural forces discern patterns of life and natural forces

15. Christison （ 1996 ） and Armstrong （ 1994 ） give us examples of activities that fit each type of intelligence.

16. Logical/mathematical ＃ puzzles and games ＃ logical ＃ sequential presentations ＃ classifications and categorizations ＃ problem solving (skill in organization, problem solving, and logical reasoning; curiosity and solving, and logical reasoning; curiosity and investigation ） investigation ） ＃ calculations （ ability to work with numbers for mathematical operations such as addition and mathematical operations such as addition and division ） division ）

17. Visual/spatial ＃ charts and grids ＃ videos ＃ drawing ＃ imagery （ use of mental imagery for observation, artistic, creative, and other visual observation, artistic, creative, and other visual activities ） activities ） ＃ artistic design （ to create artistic designs, drawings, painting or other crafts ） drawings, painting or other crafts ） ＃ construction （ to be able to make, build or assemble things ） assemble things ）

18. Body/kinesthetic ＃ hands-on activities ＃ field trips ＃ pantomime ＃ physical skill （ ability to move the whole body for physical activities such as balancing, coordination, physical activities such as balancing, coordination, and sports ） and sports ） ＃ dancing, acting （ to use the body in expressive, rhythmic, and imitative ways ） rhythmic, and imitative ways ） ＃ working with hands （ to use hands with dexterity and skill for detailed activities and small work ） and skill for detailed activities and small work ）

19. Musical/rhythmic ＃ singing ＃ playing music ＃ jazz chants ＃ musical ability （ awareness of and sensitivity to music, rhythms, tunes, and melody ） ＃ instrument （ skill and experience in playing a musical instrument ） musical instrument ） ＃ vocal （ a good voice for singing in tune and along with other people ） ＃ appreciation （ actively enjoys listening to music ）

20. Interpersonal ＃ pairwork ＃ project work ＃ group problem-solving ＃ understanding people （ sensitivity to and understanding of other people ’ s moods, feelings and point of view ） ＃ getting along with others （ able to maintain good relationships with other people especially friends and siblings ） ＃ leadership （ to take a leadership role among people through problem solving and influence ）

21. Intrapersonal ＃ self-evaluation ＃ journal keeping ＃ options for homework ＃ knowing myself （ awareness of one ’ s own ideas, abilities, and personal decision making skill ） ＃ goal awareness （ awareness of goals and self correction and monitoring in light of a goal ） ＃ managing feelings （ ability to regulate one ’ s feelings, moods, and emotional responses ）

22. Verbal/linguistic ＃ note-taking ＃ story telling ＃ debates ＃ linguistic sensitivity （ skill in the use of words for expressive and practical purposes ） expressive and practical purposes ） ＃ reading （ skill in reading ） ＃ writing （ ability and interest in writing projects such as poems, stories, books or letters ） ＃ speaking （ skill in oral communication for persuasion, memorization, and description ）

23. Naturalistic ＃ animal care （ skill for understanding animal behavior, needs, and characteristics ） ＃ plant care （ ability to work with plants such as gardening, farming, and horticulture ） ＃ science （ knowledge of natural living energy forces including cooking weather and physics ）