1. Notatki

2. TEDxTEDx How to reach full human potential: take care of the brain. Jak w pełni rozwinąć potencjał człowieka? Czas zająć się mózgami. The worst waste is the missed opportunity

3. 10 sposobów 1. Explicit teaching of meta-attention in learning disabled and normal students (Loper, Hallahan and Ianna: 1982) greatly extends attention processes. 2. In English translation: You have to tell the students you are trying to help them extend their attention spans and have them buy in. 3. How do you get them to buy in? Studies show younger kids prefer rewards and older kids prefer more interesting materials. 4. Using scans and evaluations by counselors, people suffering from depression or OCD had relapses 66% of the time if the were only prescribed drugs but had a 34% relapse rate when prescribed drugs and using mindfulness techniques together (Teasdale, Segal and Williams, 2000). 5. Use timers and build speed. (Attention span is inversely proportional to boredom and discomfort.) 6. Make use of their increased need for socialization and use “interactive attention” by working in groups.

4. Rozwój mózgu w dzieciństwie Post-natal brain development Po narodzinach 1. At birth the brain weighs 25% of the full adult brain 2. By the age of 6 it increases to 95% i. Increase is due to myelination a. At birth the brain is myelinated through the thalamus b. Myelination is in part based on experience (the premature baby will have substantially more myelin than that of the full term baby) ii. Proliferation of glial cells iii. Last wave of neurogenesis iv. Maturation of neurons v. Increase in synaptic connectivity

5. Mechanizmy neuroplastyczności Overview Mechanisms of neuroplasticity –Hebb’s law –Synaptic plasticity –Synaptogenesis –Axon growth and regeneration –Factors affecting synaptic plasticity and axon growth Sensory and motor reorganization –Neuroplasticity of sensory cortex –Neuroplasticity of motor cortex –Factors affecting cortical reorganization Occurs during development Occurs during learning Occurs during recovery after injury/disease in all brain areas Active research area at molecular, cellular, system, clinical levels

6. Mechanizmy neuroplastyczności Use-dependent: Motor learning alters body representation in the motor cortex. Areas used most have largest representation. Connection-dependent: After deafferentiation (e.g. limb amputation), reorganization of cortex so muscles adjacent to amputated area have larger cortical representation. After damage to brain, adjacent areas or contralesional areas can take over motor control

7. Doświadczenie => rozwój VII. How experience affects development 1. Neural activity regulates gene expression that directs synthesis of cell adhesion molecules 2. Neuronal activity regulates the release of neurotrophins (NGF) that are released from the dendrites; after synaptic connectivity 3. Stimulates foundation NT and this promotes subsequent development

8. UwagaUwaga 1. Reality- Attention is a skill the brain learns so it varies by culture and experience but only up to a specific neurological point. We need to teach the skills to get to that point. 2. Primacy-Recency research shows that pre-teens to adults have an attentional cycle of about twenty minutes while younger children have an attentional cycle of about 6 minutes. MinutesAttentional Level 1-3Rising 4-17Prime time 18-19Tapering 20-22Down time

9. 10 sposobów 1. William Greenough discovered that exercise increases the number of dendritic branches. However, forced exercise increases stress hormones that cause neural pruning!! Physical activity during learning increases retention 2. Spatial tuning of tactile attention modulates visual processing within hemifields (Eimer M and van Velzen, 2002). 3. Huh? English translation: Have your students act out with their hands what they read. 4. Scans show that good readers actually “see” and “hear” what they read but poor readers do not. You have to train the brain to visualize and acting it out helps directly. 5. Visualization example

10. 10 sposobów 1. The pineal gland in the brain produces melatonin which induces sleepiness. The pineal gland does this when it gets dark. 2. Light intensity greater than 2000 lux is necessary for melatonin suppression in most people. 3. Most classrooms are about 400 lux even before you dim the lights for the PowerPoint! 4. Poverty penetrates the brain. Poor students can be identified by their having fewer dendrites and their exhibiting more anxiety, hypervigilance and paranoia. This is because stress hormones cause pruning in some places in the brain and expansions in others like the amygdala. (The same pattern is found in soldiers suffering from post-traumatic stress syndrome.) However, cognitive therapy can reverse this.