1. Lecture 2 The International System January 7, 2009

2. Systems an aggregation of units that interact an aggregation of units that interactComponents the units (states) the units (states) relative power relative power nature of interactions nature of interactions

3. Units States: political units that maintain a monopoly of violence within their borders and make rules governing their populations States: political units that maintain a monopoly of violence within their borders and make rules governing their populations Historically: empires, city-states, duchies, principalities Historically: empires, city-states, duchies, principalities

4. Sources of National Power Power: “A has power over B to the extent that he can get B to do something B would not otherwise do.” –Robert Dahl Military: size, technology, organization Military: size, technology, organization Economic: GDP/capita, population Economic: GDP/capita, population “Soft” power (legitimacy) “Soft” power (legitimacy) Foreign policy Foreign policy Providing public goods/aid Providing public goods/aid Diplomacy/persuasion Diplomacy/persuasion Ideology Ideology Culture /media image Culture /media image Shared values/culture Shared values/culture

5. Increases in power Economic development and growth Economic development and growth Technology Technology Expansion of territory and acquisition of new resources Expansion of territory and acquisition of new resources Unification/nationalism Unification/nationalism

6. Declines in power Slow economy Slow economy Internal problems Internal problems Overextension of empires Overextension of empires Not enough investment Not enough investmentImplications Institutions frozen in time, but not power Institutions frozen in time, but not power Since 1970s: dispersion of power Since 1970s: dispersion of power

7. Interaction I: Institutions Set of principles, rules and procedures Set of principles, rules and procedures Facilitate cooperation Facilitate cooperation In principle, make everyone better off In principle, make everyone better off Formal and informal Formal and informal

8. Interaction II: Norms Consensus about appropriate behavior Consensus about appropriate behavior Automatic and internalized Automatic and internalized Punished by disapproval Punished by disapproval International norms Can come into conflict with each other Can come into conflict with each other Norm of sovereignty in question Norm of sovereignty in question