1. 1 Binary heaps binary tree that satisfy two properties –structural property (is a complete tree) –heap-ordering property (minimum item on top) Can have maximizing heaps too.

2. 2 Defining complete trees Perfect binary tree – all leaves are at the same depth. 25 92 215 11 3071013 16 131922 height h 2 h+1 – 1 nodes 2 h – 1 non-leaves 2 h leaves

3. 3 Defining complete trees (2) Complete trees, informally: A perfect binary tree of height h-1 with leaves added at height h in the leftmost positions. N-node complete tree of height h: h =  log N  2 h  N  2 h+1 - 1

4. 4 Complete binary tree of height h For h = 0, just a single node. For h = 1, left child or two children. For h  2, either –the left subtree of the root is perfect with height h-1 and the right is complete with height h-1, OR –the left is complete with height h- 1 and the right is perfect with height h-2.

5. 5 Heap Order Property Heap order property: For every non-root node X, the key in the parent of X is less than (or equal to) the key in X. 1530 8020 10 996040 8020 10 50700 85 not a heap

6. 6 Heap Operations findMin: addElement: bubble up. removeMin: replace root and bubble down. 996040 8020 10 50700 85 65

7. 7 addElement: bubble up 996040 8020 10 50700 85 65 15 992040 8015 10 50700 85 65 60

8. 8 removeMin: bubble down 996040 1520 10 50700 85 65 996040 6520 15 50700 85

9. 9 buildHeap Build a heap from N items. Idea: put them into an array (in any order) and then “fix it up.” for (i = N/2; i > 0; i--) bubbleDown(i); 66014 1821 45 32456021 1814 6 32

10. 10 Representing Complete Binary Trees G ED CB A JKHI F L From node i, left child: right child: parent: 1 23 45 67 98101112 ABCDEFGHIJKL 012345678910111213 implicit (array) implementation:

11. 11 Why is it better? no pointers (space). *2, /2, + are faster operations than dereferencing a pointer. can get to parent easily Can we use the implicit representation for binary search trees?

12. 12 Analysis of buildHeap An item that starts h nodes from a leaf moves down at most h nodes during its bubbling phase. Let S be the sum of the heights of all the nodes in a perfect binary tree. = h + 2(h-1) + 4(h-2) + … + 2 h-1 ·1 2S = 2h + 4(h-1) + … + 2 h-1 ·2 + 2 h ·1 S = – h + 2 + 4 + 8 + … + 2 h-1 + 2 h = 2 h+1 – 1 – (h+1)  N

13. 13 Heaps (summary) addElement: bubble up. O(log N) time. removeMin: bubble down. O(log N) time. buildHeap: for N items, O(N) time. Heapsort: –buildHeap on N items O(N) –N removeMin ops O(N log N)

14. 14 Priority Queue ADT Checkout line at the supermarket Printer queues operations: addElement, removeMin addElementremoveMin 6 2 15 23 12 18 45 3 7

15. 15 Simple implementations of the Priority Queue ADT insertdeleteMin (unsorted) list sorted list BST AVL tree (overkill?)

16. 16 Other PQ Operations decreaseKey(p,  ): bubble up increaseKey(p,  ): bubble down remove(p): decreaseKey(p,  ) deleteMin() Running time: O(log N) findMax: O(N).

17. 17 d-heaps Same as binary heaps, except d children instead of 2. array implementation addElement: O(log d N) removee: O(d log d N) Why d-heaps? 10 16 782745 12 159523 80 879590 5954