2. Storage on the Lunatic Fringe Thomas M. Ruwart University of Minnesota Digital Technology Center Intelligent Storage Consortium tmruwart@dtc.umn.edu

3. Orientation Who are the lunatics? What are their requirements? Why is this interesting to the Storage Industry? What is SNIA doing about this? Conclusions

4. Who are the Lunatics? DoE Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative (ASCI)  BIG data, locally and widely distributed, high bandwidth access, relatively few users, secure, short-term retention High Energy Physics (HEP) – Fermilab, CERN, DESY  BIG data, locally distributed, widely available, moderate number of users, sparse access, long-term retention NASA – Earth Observing System Data Information Systems (EOSDIS)  Moderately sized data, locally distributed, widely available, large number of users, very long-term retention DoD – NSA  Lots of little data – trillions of files, locally distributed, relatively few users, secure, long-term retention DoD – Army High Performance Computing Centers and Naval Research Center  BIG data, locally and widely distributed, relatively few users, high bandwidth access, secure, very long term reliable retention

5. A bit of History 1990 – Supercomputer Centers operating with HUGE disk farms of 50-100 GB! 1990 – Laptop computers have 50MB internal disk drives! 1992 – Fast/wide SCSI runs at break-necking speeds of 20 MB/sec! 1994 – Built a 1+TB array of disks with a single SGI xFS file system and wrote a single 1TB file  Used 4GB disks in 7+1 RAID 5 disk arrays  36 disk arrays mounted in 5 racks 1997 ASCI Mountain Blue - 75TB – distributed 2002 ASCI Q – 700TB – online, high performance, pushing limits of traditional [legacy] block-based file systems

6. The not-too-distant Future 2004 ASCI Red Storm – 240TB – online, high bandwidth, massively parallel 2005 ASCI Purple – 3000TB – online, high performance, OSD/Lustre 2006 NASA RDS – 6000TB – online, global access, CAS,OSD, Data Grids, Lustre? 2007 DoE Fermi Lab / CERN – 3 PB/year online / nearline, global sparse access 2010 Your laptop will have a 1TB internal disk that will still be barley adequate for MS Office™

7. DoE ASCI 1998 – Mountain Blue – Los Alamos  48 128-Processor SGI Origin 2000 systems  75TB disk storage 2002 – Q  310 32-processor machines + 64 32-processor I/O nodes  2048 2GB FC connections to 64 I/O nodes  2048 2GB FC connections to disk storage subsystem  692 TB disk storage, 20GB/sec bandwidth  2 file systems of 346GB each  4 file system layers between the application  and the disk media 2004 – Red Storm  10,000 processors, 10TB Main Memory  240TB Disk, 50 GB/sec bandwidth

8. DoE ASCI Purple Requirements Parallel I/O Bandwidth - Multiple (up to 60,000) clients access one file at hundreds of GB/sec. Support for very large (multi-petabyte) file systems Single files of multi-terabyte size must be permitted. Scalable file creation & Metadata Operations  Tens of Millions of files in one directory  Thousands of file creates per second within the same directory Archive Driven Performance - The file system should support high bandwidth data movement to tertiary storage. Adaptive Pre-fetching - Sophisticated pre-fetch and write-behind schemes are encouraged, but a method to disable them must accompany them. Flow Control & Quality of I/O Service

9. HEP – Fermilab and CMS The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS)  $750M Experiment being built at CERN in Switzerland  Will be active in 2007  Data rate from the detectors is ~1 PB/sec  Data rate after filtering is ~hundreds of MB/sec The Data Problem  Dataset for a single experiment is ~1PB  Several experiments per year are run  Must be made available to 5000 scientists all over the planet (Earth primarily)  Dense dataset, sparse data access by any one user  Access patterns are not deterministic HEP experiments cost $US 1B, last 20 years, involve thousands of collaborators at hundreds of institutions world- wide, and collect and analyze several petabytes of data per year

10. Tier 1 Tier2 Center Online System event reconstruction French Regional Center German Regional Center Institute Institute ~0.25TIPS Workstations ~100 MBytes/sec ~0.6-2.5 Gbps 100 - 1000 Mbits/sec Physics data cache ~PByte/sec ~2.5 Gbits/sec Tier2 Center ~0.6-2.5 Gbps Tier 0 +1 Tier 3 Tier 4 Tier2 Center LHC Data Grid Hierarchy CMS as example, Atlas is similar Tier 2 CERN/CMS data goes to 6-8 Tier 1 regional centers, and from each of these to 6-10 Tier 2 centers. Physicists work on analysis “channels” at 135 institutes. Each institute has ~10 physicists working on one or more channels. 2000 physicists in 31 countries are involved in this 20-year experiment in which DOE is a major player. CMS detector: 15m X 15m X 22m 12,500 tons, $700M. human=2m analysis event simulation Italian Center FermiLab, USA Regional Center Courtesy Harvey Newman, CalTech and CERN

11. NASA EOSDIS Remote Data Store Project:  Build a 6PB Data archive with a life expectancy of at least 20 years, probably more  Make data and data products available to 2 million users What to use?  Online versus Nearline  SCSI vs ATA  Tape vs Optical  How much of each and when? Data Grids? Dealing with Technology Life Cycles – continual migration

12. DoD NSA How to deal with a trillion files?  At 256 bytes of metadata per file -> 256TB just for the file system metadata for one trillion files  File System resiliency  Backups? Forget it. File Creation Rate is a challenge – 32,000 file per second for 1 year will generate 1 trillion files How to search for any given file How to search for any given piece of information inside all the files

13. DoD MSRC 500TB per year data growth Longevity of data retention is critical  100% reliable access of any piece of data for 20+ years Security is critical Reasonably quick access to any piece of data from anywhere at any time Heterogeneous computing and storage environment

14. History has shown… The problems that the Lunatic Fringe is working on today are the problems that the main-stream storage industry will face in 5-10 years Legacy Block-based File Systems break at these scales Legacy Network File System protocols cannot scale to meet these extreme requirements

15. Looking Forward

16. What happens when…. NEC Announces a 10Tbit Memory Chip Disk drives reach 1TByte and beyond MEMS devices become commercially viable Holographic Storage Devices become commercially viable Interface speeds reach 1Tbit/sec Intel develops the sub-space channel Vendors need better ways to exploit the capabilities of these technologies rather than react to them Vendors need better ways to exploit the capabilities of these technologies rather than react to them

17. Common thread Their data storage capacity, access, and retention requirements are continually increasing Some of the technologies and concepts the Lunatic Fringe are looking at include:  Object-based Storage Device  Intelligent Storage  Data Grid  Borg Assimilation Technologies, …etc.

18. How does SNIA make a difference? Act as a point to achieve critical mass behind emerging technologies such as OSD, SMI, and Intelligent Storage Make sure that these emerging technologies come to market from the beginning as standards (not proprietary implementations that migrate to standards) Help to get beyond the potential barrier for emerging technologies OSD and Intelligent Storage Help to generate vendor and user awareness and education regarding future trends and emerging technologies

19. Conclusions Lunatic Fringe users will continue to push the limits of existing hardware and software technologies Lunatic Fringe is a moving target – there will always be a Lunatic Fringe well beyond where you are The Storage Industry at large should pay more attention to  What they are doing  Why they are doing it  What they learn

20. References University of Minnesota Digital Technology Center – www.dtc.umn.edu ASCI – www.llnl.gov/ASCI/platformswww.dtc.umn.eduwww.llnl.gov/ASCI/platforms Fermilab – www.fnal.govwww.fnal.gov NASA EOSDIS – www.nasa.govwww.nasa.gov NSA – www.dod.milwww.dod.mil

21. Contact Info tmruwart@dtc.umn.edu