1. Benefits and Liabilities Associated with Early Maturity and Determinacy in Cotton

2. What is Early Maturity and Determinacy? Physiologically, determinacy might be defined as the degree to which a plant segregates vegetative growth from reproductive growth. A plant that ceases all vegetative growth at the onset of fruiting is completely determinate.

3. What is Early Maturity and Determinacy? Physiologically, earliness might be defined by the time required by the plant to reach a reproductive growth stage, and by the rate and duration of fruiting.

4. What is Early Maturity and Determinacy? Agronomically, earliness is defined as the time required to mature a satisfactory crop and determinacy is defined as the plant’s ability to maintain vegetative growth and fruit form production after the onset of fruiting.

5. Characteristics and Components of Early Maturity Early fruit initiation (low fruiting node) Accelerated rate of fruiting bud development Accelerated rate of flowering Compressed fruiting interval Reduced rate of vegetative growth

6. Characteristics and Components of Early Maturity Early and sharply defined cessation of vegetative and reproductive growth (cutout) Shorter boll maturation period Shorter plant stature  High fruit retention rates

7. Accelerated Flowering and Cutout

8. Early maturity traits: Early fruit initiation Increased plant determinacy reflected by plant heights  High fruit retention rates

9. Advantages of Early Maturity Shorter growing season –Insect pest evasion and management –Avoidance of environmental adversities: Cool planting temperatures Heat stress Cool temperatures during boll maturation Inclement weather during harvest

10. Escape from an environmental adversity (heat stress) due to early maturity in Pima S-7.

11. Management Advantages –Reduced insecticide applications –Reduced numbers of irrigations –Increased flexibility in the development of management strategies

12. Uses or Proposed Uses of Early Maturing Cultivars Late planting to create a suicidal emergence of Pink Bollworm (Arizona). Late planting following the failure of a medium or full season cultivar due to weather (general, U.S.). Early or normal planting to avoid cool temperatures during boll maturation and resulting poor fiber quality (high plains, Texas).

13. Uses or Proposed Uses of Early Maturing Cultivars Early or normal planting to avoid rain and fog conditions at harvest (northern San Joaquin Valley, California). Use in multiple cropping schemes, allowing production of food and cash crops in a single year (China, north Africa, general).

14. Historically, insect pests have been the predominant motivation for the development of early maturing cultivars in the U.S. Pre-1890 – Use of early maturing cultivars in northern cotton states due to short growing season. 1900’s – Severe boll weevil pressure led to movement of early maturing cultivars into mid-south and the development of new early maturing cultivars. 1970’s – Severe bollworm/budworm problems in mid- south renewed breeding efforts for earlier maturing cultivars.

15. Reduction in growing season, 1960-1987 LocationYears Season Reduction (planting – harvest) College Station, Texas 1966-1987 28 days Florence, South Carolina 1968-1987 33 days Mississippi Delta, Mississippi 1960-1987 38 days

16. Cultivar Maturity Groups Short Medium 3 Weeks 300 HU (30/13 C) Full Pima S-7 Pima S-6 DPL 90 DPL 20 SG 501 DPL 5415

17. Short –Season Management for Pink Bollworm Control in the Imperial Valley of California, 1990-1994 Primary Goal: Reduce pink bollworm populations area-wide through increasing time in which fields are free of the cotton host. Secondary Goal: Cotton host avoidance of damaging late season insect populations.

18. Management Program for Pink Bollworm in the Imperial Valley Early termination of cotton crop with chemical defoliants. Early mandatory destruction of plant residue in fields. Switch from a full season to a medium season cotton variety (from DPL 90 to DPL5415), an unintended component.

19. Mandated termination Boll set, standard cultivar Boll set, early maturing cultivar Pink bollworm population JulyJuneAugSeptMay

20. Short-Season Management for Pink Bollworm Control, Imperial Valley, CA Late Season (August) Pre- program Program Years 198919901991199219931994 Moths/trap/ night 3.1 4.4 1.4 1.8 0.1 0.0 Larvae/100 bolls 89 15 3 12.5 -- Lint yield (Kg/ha) 12421177 1069 113314601503

21. Disadvantages of Early Maturity and Increased Determinacy Limitations on yield potential Inflexibility in response to injury Increased management oversight Increased susceptibility to: –Smog (ozone) damage –Foliar leaf spot diseases, nutrient deficiencies, and premature senescence –Verticillium wilt

22. Sequential harvests of an early maturing (8709) and later maturing (91-311) cultivar Cumulative Yield (lbs./acre) Days after planting 8709 91-311

23. Cumulative percent yield of an early maturing (8709) and later maturing (91-311) cultivar Days after planting Cumulative Percent Yield 8709 91-311

24. Early Foliar Decline, a Maturity Related Disorder of Pima Cotton

25. Correlation of early foliar decline severity with plant growth traits, foliar potassium, and yield in 60 populations at Tulare, CA, in 2000. Traits Early foliar Decline rating Nodes above open bloom -0.64 Plant height -0.67 Foliar potassium -0.56 Lint yield -0.72

26. In cotton, Maturity and Determinacy vary along along a continuous scale. Benefits and liabilities also change on a scale. Environment, management, and economics determine the appropriate level of earliness and determinacy for your situation.