1. Working Together Apart Gary M. Olson University of California, Irvine May 2011

2. This work… n …is done by Judy Olson Gary Olson Steve Abrams Matthew Bietz Julia Haines n …and supported by Army Research Institute National Science Foundation Google Donald Bren Foundation

4. Distance n T. Allen, 1977 30 meters

5. “Distance Matters” -- Some Overarching Issues n Ease of communication -- common ground n Nature of the work -- How tight the coupling n Readiness to collaborate n Technology readiness -- personal, infrastructure n Trust n Culture n Time Zones

6. The first concept n The longer the distance between people, the less common ground they have –Definition: what is assumed to be shared between two people who are communicating –If you don’t have natural common ground, you have to work at it, discover what each other knows in common and build from there.

7. Second key concept n Tightly coupled work requires collocation n Work gets reorganized so that tightly coupled is in one location, loosely coupled crosses locations

8. Coupling, continued n Coupling -- extent of dependence between team members, and the ambiguity of the work, requiring high degree of interaction –loose an overall plan divides the work, occasional coordination checks (e.g., large scale routine design) –moderate more spontaneous divide and conquer –tight high mutual dependence for advancing the work (e.g., early planning of a project)

9. Third Key Concept n Collaboration readiness n The community has to have a spirit of collaboration. n Motivation to work together: –Mix of skills –Greater productivity –Like working together –Something in it for everyone –NOT Mandate from the funder The only way to get the money Asymmetries in value, etc.

10. Collaboration Readiness (Cont.) n Trust –Reliable –Produce high quality work –Have their best interests at heart n Goals aligned n Group self-efficacy

11. Fourth key concept n Different organizations are at different developmental stages in using technology of all sorts n Collaboration Technology Readiness (both individual & infrastructure) n email n attachments n using repositories n calendaring n creating repositories Need training in n hand-off collaboration technologies AND n synchronous collaboration how to collaborate

12. Fifth key concept n Added in J. Olson et al, 2008 n Distance work requires good management and decision making principles –Cummings & Kiesler (2005) studied NSF KDI collaborations Collocated more successful than distributed Distributed success associated with good mnagement

13. Management, Planning, and Decision Making n Management plan n Project manager is respected and has project management experience n Communication plan n Plan has room for reflection and redirection

14. Management, Planning, and Decision Making n No legal issues remain n No financial issues remain n Knowledge management system n Decision making is –Free of favoritism –Fair and open –Everyone has opportunity to influence

15. MIT Press, 2008

16. “Distance Matters” a decade on n Have things changed? n Much has happened in a decade –A large amount of research on the issues most relevant to distance work –An array of new or improved technologies –Big changes in the experience base of those who might work at a distance

17. Distance Work will Only Increase n 67% of companies anticipate increased reliance on virtual teams –80% for companies with 10,000+ employees n 35% of respondents rated difficulty of management as top challenge for virtual teams n 92% said trust is critical for virtual teams Survey by Institute for Corporate Productivity

18. Survey of “Hopeful Signs” n Research or technology developments that might ameliorate some of these challenges n Not all of these are yet backed up with careful evaluation

19. Common Ground n Routinization of knowledge management –Creative incentive schemes n Awareness support –Social computing, sharing –IM, awareness tools –Audio, video options –Social proxies

20. Common Ground n Workers who are always on line –More mobile options

21. Nature of the Work n Increased realization of need for divide and conquer n Use of face-to-face meetings to kick of a project –Organize the work

22. Collaboration Readiness n Better understanding of the role of incentives –Explicit contracts with financial incentives n Importance of trust –Interventions to establish & maintain

23. Collaboration Technology Readiness n Many new widely used technologies –Increased sophistication n Wider array of back channels –IM, SMS, mobile phones

24. Collaboration Technology Readiness n Technologies better designed –Easy to use –Reliable

25. Management and Decision Making n Boom market on books, articles on how to manage virtual teams n Recognition of leadership skills for virtual teams

26. Trust n Promising results on establishing & maintaining trust at a distance –Informal social interaction a key n Better support for awareness, presence –Overcome attribution errors

27. Culture n More awareness of the nature of cultural differences –E.g., increased sales of Culture Shock books –New university programs n Job rotation in multinational companies

28. Time Zones n Adjusting work hours n Routines for shift changes n Exploration of asynchronous awareness tools

30. Early Progress in Climbing Himalayan Giants n First 8000 meter peak climbed in 1950 –Annapurna n Everest (8850 meters) first climbed in 1953 n Other 12 8000 meter peaks climbed between 1953 and 1964

31. Characteristics of Early Climbs n Huge logistical support required –Long ascents with numerous camps –Long preparation period n Large climbing parties –Up to a score of climbers –Hundreds of support porters n Dominant use of oxygen n Climbs confined to spring, early summer n Many failures, including fatalities

32. Since the 1950s n Exploration of many new routes, many that were thought to be “unclimbable” n Small parties with rapid ascents n Solo ascents n Ascents with no oxygen n Hundreds of ascents in a given season n Still dangerous

33. What Changed? n Better knowledge of the Himalaya –Maps, aerial surveys –Weather n More experience with climbing –New techniques –Better understanding of physiology n New, improved equipment n But, still very difficult

34. Analogous to Distance Matters n More knowledge, experience –Organizations –Individuals n Better tools n But still difficult