1. Using microwave radiometer and Doppler lidar data to estimate latent heat Chris. Collier 1, Jenny Davis 1, Fay Davies 1 and Guy Pearson 1,2 1. Centre for Environmental Systems Research, University of Salford, Gt. Manchester, UK 2. Halo Photonics, Gt. Malvern, UK

3. The Clausius – Clapeyron equation Taking the equation of state of a heterogeneous system involving a change between two phases: where e sw = saturated partial pressure of water vapour during the transition; l v = latent heat of vaporisation (liquid to vapour); and a v, a w, u v and u w are the specific volumes and internal energies of the two phases. Hence, Water in equilibrium with its vapour is not an ideal gas. Therefore it may be shown that Hence

4. Estimating latent heat. In the case of vaporisation a v >> a w, and therefore the Clausius – Clapeyon equation can be approximated as Considering vapour as an ideal gas i.e. e sw a v = R v T, and integrating this equation assuming l v is constant and independent of T then, or taking R v = 287 J kg -1 K -1, e so = 6.11 hpa; T o = 273 K i.e. the reference state is taken as the triple point of water at 0 o C.

5. Heat absorbed or emitted The total amount of heat either absorbed or emitted during the phase change, L v, through the boundary layer is, where ρ is the mean air density, and w is the mean vertical velocity in the boundary layer. Positive values of L V indicate heat absorbed (liquid to vapour), and negative values of L V indicate heat emitted (vapour to liquid). w may be estimated from the Doppler lidar

7. Doppler vertical velocities – detail 1100 – 1200 15 July 2007

8. Mean vertical velocity profile 1100 – 1130 15 July 2007

9. Measuring partial pressure of water vapour From the ideal gas law, PV = mRT We assume a column of air through the atmosphere with cross-sectional area of l m 2 and with a mean temperature in the column of T. The ideal gas law may be evaluated for both the water vapour in the air column and the air in the column such that Taking p 1 = partial pressure of the water vapour in the column, e sw, and p 2 = 1000 hPa the nominal pressure at the surface then, where M v is the mass of water vapour in the column as measured by the microwave radiometer, ρ is the nominal air density taken at the base of the air column and V is the volume of the air column assumed to be 10 km x 1 m 2. e sw =

10. Measuring integrated water vapour from the microwave radiometer

11. Measuring boundary layer temperature from the microwave radiometer

12. Doppler lidar estimates of latent heating averaged over the boundary layer depth for two integration periods on 15 July 2007 Time (UTC)Average w (m s -1 ) 30 mins Lidar latent heat 30 mins (watts m -2 ) Average w (m s -1 ) 60 mins Lidar latent heat 60 mins (watts m -2 ) 09 - 10- 0.032- 76.9- 0.005- 12.0 10 - 11+ 0.015+ 15.1+ 0.06+ 60.4 11 - 12+ 0.032+ 66.7+ 0.04+ 83.4 12 - 13+ 0.017+ 18.8+ 0.19+ 99.5 13 - 14+ 0.36+ 335.1+ 0.02+18.8 14-1430+ 0.15+ 238.6 - - Cf energy balance study Eigenmann et al this Worksop

13. Height-time diagram of horizontal wind speed (colours) and direction (arrows). A convergence line moves through Achern at about 1000 UTC

14. Isobaric horizontal mixing, due to the passage of the convergence line, of two unsaturated air masses A 1 and A 2 Point A will lie to the left of the curve indicating that the mixture may move towards saturation.

15. Mixing in the boundary layer Horizontal isobaric mixing is evident at 1000, whereas as the thermals develop vertical mixing becomes more evident as indicated by the more constant theta with height.

16. Interim conclusions and next steps The latent heat values should be derived over integration time periods of 30 mins or less. Comparisons with surface energy balance latent heat measurements are needed. Horizontal and vertical mixing need to be considered. Comparison with numerical model latent heat output are appropriate. Further case studies are needed; work is underway for 12 August 2007 case. Investigation of the use of GPS water vapour measurements.