1. Just Fast Keying (JFK) Protocol 18739A: Foundations of Security and Privacy Anupam Datta CMU Fall 2007-08

2. Outline u“Rational derivation” of the JFK protocol Combine known techniques for shared secret creation, authentication, identity and anti-DoS protection –[Datta, Mitchell, PavlovicTech report 2002] uJust Fast Keying (JFK) protocol State-of-the-art key establishment protocol –[Aiello, Bellovin, Blaze, Canetti, Ioannidis, Keromytis, ReingoldCCS 2002] uModeling JFK in applied pi calculus Specification of security properties as equivalences –[Abadi,FournetPOPL 2001] –[Abadi, Blanchet, FournetESOP 2004] Later lecture

3. Design Objectives for Key Exchange uShared secret Create and agree on a secret which is known only to protocol participants uAuthentication Participants need to verify each other’s identity uIdentity protection Eavesdropper should not be able to infer participants’ identities by observing protocol execution uProtection against denial of service Malicious participant should not be able to exploit the protocol to cause the other party to waste resources

4. Ingredient 1: Diffie-Hellman A  B: g a B  A: g b Shared secret: g ab –Diffie-Hellman guarantees perfect forward secrecy Authentication Identity protection DoS protection

5. Ingredient 2: Challenge-Response A  B: m, A B  A: n, sig B {m, n, A} A  B: sig A {m, n, B} Shared secret Authentication –A receives his own number m signed by B’s private key and deduces that B is on the other end; similar for B Identity protection DoS protection

6. DH + Challenge-Response ISO 9798-3 protocol: A  B: g a, A B  A: g b, sig B {g a, g b, A} A  B: sig A {g a, g b, B} Shared secret: g ab Authentication Identity protection DoS protection m := g a n := g b

7. Ingredient 3: Encryption Encrypt signatures to protect identities: A  B: g a, A B  A: g b, E K {sig B {g a, g b, A}} A  B: E K {sig A {g a, g b, B}} Shared secret: g ab Authentication Identity protection (for responder only!) DoS protection

8. Refresher: Anti-DoS Cookie uTypical protocol: Client sends request (message #1) to server Server sets up connection, responds with message #2 Client may complete session or not (potential DoS) uCookie version: Client sends request to server Server sends hashed connection data back –Send message #2 later, after client confirms Client confirms by returning hashed data Need extra step to send postponed message

9. Ingredient 4: Anti-DoS Cookie “Almost-JFK” protocol: A  B: g a, A B  A: g b, hash Kb {g b, g a } A  B: g a, g b, hash Kb {g b, g a } E K {sig A {g a, g b, B}} B  A: g b, E K {sig B {g a, g b, A}} Shared secret: g ab Authentication Identity protection DoS protection? Doesn’t quite work: B must remember his DH exponential b for every connection

10. Additional Features of JFK uKeep g a, g b values medium-term, use (g a,nonce) Use same Diffie-Hellman value for every connection (helps against DoS), update every 10 minutes or so Nonce guarantees freshness More efficient, because computing g a, g b, g ab is costly uTwo variants: JFKr and JFKi JFKr protects identity of responder against active attacks and of initiator against passive attacks JFKi protects only initiator’s identity from active attack uResponder may keep an authorization list May reject connection after learning initiator’s identity

11. JFKr Protocol [Aiello et al.] I R N i, x i x i =g di N i, N r, x r, g r, t r x r =g dr t r =hash Kr (x r,N r,N i,IP i ) N i, N r, x i, x r, t r, e i, h i e i =enc Ke (ID i,ID’ r,sa i,sig Ki (N r,N i,x r,x i,g r )) x i dr =x r di =x K a,e,v =hash x (N i,N r,{a,e,v}) h i =hash Ka (“i”,e i ) e r, h r e r =enc Ke (ID r,sa r,sig Kr (x r,N r,x i,N i )) h r =hash Ka (“r”,e r ) “hint” to responder which identity to use derive a set of keys from shared secret and nonces real identity of the responder check integrity before decrypting Same d r for every connection DH group If initiator knows group g in advance