1. Signal processing and Audio storage Equalization Effect processors Recording and playback

2. Equalization A filtering circuit which will either boost or attenuate certain frequencies Shelving – All frequencies from a given level and up (or down) are effected. Normally seen on tone or bass and treble controls Notch or Peaking – only frequencies near the given frequency are effected Graphic equalizer. Most common Broken into 31 bands at 1/3 octaves  The bandwidth (Q) is preset by the manufacturer Used to tune a space to adjust for the acoustics of the room  Prevent feedback. Find which frequencies are most supported by the room and attenuate them.

3. Equalization Parametric Equalizer Allows the operator to adjust The frequency being adjusted The level of boost or cut The Q value (bandwidth)

4. Effect processors Reverb Electronic device which produces artificial reverberation. Used to effect an audience’s perception as to the size of the space for example Often capable of extreme forms of altering such as creating echoes or distortion Delay Simply delays the audio for a set amount of time Usually used in conjunction with multiple speaker systems which are spaced at different distances from the audience Also used in reinforcement to allow the reinforced sound to reach the audience at the same time as the direct sound from the performers voices or instruments

5. Effect processors Compressors and limiters Reduce the dynamic range by a preset level After a set threshold level (in dB) is reached, any increase beyond that is reduced by a ratio. Example: threshold level is set to 60dB with a 4:1 ratio  When the program level hits 60 dB it takes a 4dB increase beyond that to raise the output by 1 dB. A limiter is a compressor with a ratio of infinity:1 Once the threshold level is reached, there will be no further increase in output volume

6. For Next Class Read by April 10 th RF Mics and Inputs, Kai’s Sound Handbook p. 40-51, Leonard