1. Program Control Dilshad M. Shahid New York University @1998

2. Today For loop Do/while loop Comparison of both loops with while loop Examples Logical operators

3. For loop Remember counter controlled while loop? #include main() { int counter = 1;/* initialization */ while (counter <= 10) {/* repetition condition */ printf(“%d\n”, counter); counter++;/* increment */ } return 0; }

4. For loop For repetition structure (or for loop) handles all details of counter-controlled repetition automatically #include main() { int counter; /*initialization, repetition condition, and increment */ for(counter=1; counter <= 10; counter++) printf(“%d\n”, counter); return 0; }

5. For loop General format of the for structure: for (expression1; expression2; expression3) statement Equivalent while loop: expression1; while (expression2) { statement expression3; }

6. For loop The 3 expressions are optional. Omitting expression2 - C will assume condition is always true, thus creating an infinite loop Can initialize expression1 elsewhere expression3 (increment) can be placed in body of for loop however, the 2 ; are required for( ; ;)

7. For loop Other things a for loop will be skipped if the loop- continuation condition is initially false for loop header can contain arithmetic expressions for(j=x; j <=4*x*y; j+=y/x) /* assume x=2, y=10 */ Increment can be negative (decrement) for(sum=100; sum >= 1; sum--) Increment can be by more than 1 for(j=7; j <=77; j+=3)

8. For loop Generally, when should you use a for loop vs. a while loop? If number of repetitions is known, use a for loop Otherwise use a while loop

9. Do/while loop Similar to the while loop In while loop, the loop-continuation condition is tested at the beginning of the loop In do/while, the loop-continuation condition is tested after loop body is executed

10. Do/while loop For while loop: while(condition) For do/while loop: do statement while(condition)

11. Do/while loop Generally: do { statement } while (condition); In C: #include main() { int counter=1; do { printf(“%d\n”, counter); } while (++counter <= 10); return 0; }

12. Loops A for loop and a while loop may be executed zero or more times a do/while loop is executed at least once for loop is counter controlled while and do/while loops are condition controlled

13. Logical operators Can be used to form more complex conditions by combining simple conditions 3 kinds && (logical AND) || (logical OR) ! (logical NOT or logical negation)

14. Logical operators Examples /* logical AND */ if (withdrawal >= 100 && balance < 5000) printf(“Sorry, you cannot withdraw money”); /* logical OR */ if (average >= || final >= 90) printf(“you get an A”); /* logical negation */ if (!(grade == 100)) printf(“you don’t qualify for an A+”);

15. Logical operators Simple conditions (e.g. >=, ==) are evaluated first because their precedence is higher than && && has a higher precedence than || and both associate left to right && and || are binary operators, combining 2 conditions expression containing && or || is evaluated only until truth or falsehood is known, e.g. gender ==1 && age >=65 will stop if gender is not equal to 1

16. Logical operators Logical negation ! allows programmer to reverse meaning of a condition ! has a single condition as an operand and is a unary operator ! is placed before a condition if (!(grade == sentinelValue)) printf(“The next grade is %f\n”, grade); parentheses are need because logical negation has higher precedence than ==