1. Genomes and Genetic Architecture

2. Life on Earth

4. Operons are a prokaryotic variant of gene organization

7. Lower (yeast) and more advanced (anything but the damned yeast) eukaryotes typical genome structures:

8. Gene size and mRNA size TaxaAverage exon number Average gene length (kb) Average mRNA length (kb) Hemophilus influenzae (prokaryote) single celled prokaryotic microorganism 11.0 Methanoccoccus jannachii (prokaryote) single celled prokaryotic microorganism 11.0 S. Cervisiae (Fungi, eukaryote) single celled eukaryotic microorganism 11.6 Filamentous Fungi (eukaryote) multicellular eukaryotic microorganism 31.5 C. Elegans (nematode, eukaryote) multicellular eukaryote 44.03.0 D. melanogaster (fruit fly, eukaryote) multicellular eukaryote 411.32.7 Chicken (eukaryote) multicellular eukaryote 913.92.4 mammals multicellular eukaryote 716.62.2

9. Gene Topography Bacterium Saccharomyces Drosophila Homo sapiens Intergenic regionexonintron geneIntergenic region

10. Numbers of Exons per Gene

20. Histone genes - tandem repeats

22. Chromosome Duplication and Disjunction

28. Mouse Simple Sequence Centromere DNA Probes Autoradiographed

32. Dispersed Reptitive DNA VNTR Variable number tandem repeats minisatellite DNA DNA fingerprints Dinucleotide repeats microsatellite DNA

33. VNTR

36. Retroelements use reverse transcription RNA to DNA

37. Retro Elements Transposons and Retrotransposons –LINES - Long interspersed elements (1-5 kb, 20,00-40,000 copies per genome in humans) Alu (sequence similar to 7SL RNA, involved in transport through ER) –SINES - Short interspersed elements

39. Repetitive Elements - HGO gene (alkaptonuria)

41. Spacer DNA function unknown may have functions …may reflect our ignorance

52. DNA Packaging

66. Chromosome Structure

74. A eukaryotic chromosomal landscape

78. Chromosomes

79. Nucleolus and rRNA genes

80. Human Karyotype