1. Introduction- Tax Value How are people using stacked ecosystem services? – “Bringing Ecosystem Services to Market” (**can we mention?) – Broad spatial scale (Costanza) or very small scale

2. Introduction- Tax Value How are we evaluating stacked ecosystem services? – Tax Value vs. Stacked Ecosystem Service Value – How does the dollar value of the stacked ecosystem services –nutrient retention, carbon storage, pollination – compare to property values in the study region? – In an area with rapid development and increasingly high land values, will the value of stacked services be able to compete?

3. Methods- Study Site Upper Neuse River Basin, Central North Carolina – Current Population = 190,000 – Projected Population in 2025 = 280,000 www.unrba.org

4. Methods- Tax Value Land Valued at XX to $8.3 million – Taken from Triangle Land Conservancy – Convert Tax Value to $/900 sq-m (30 meter resolution) Division of Quantiles – Order of Magnitude – No Data Ecosystem Service Value is 0 No data on property value: Govt. Owned Sites CategoryRange 1100,000 - 1,000,000 210,000 - 100,000 31,000 - 10,000 4100 - 1,000 510 - 100 61.05 - 10 70.95 - 1.05 80.1 - 0.95 90.01 - 0.1 100.001 - 0.01 110.0 - 0.001 12No Data

5. Methods- Water Runoff Cost estimates associated with various storm-water BMPs if forest and agricultural areas are developed InVEST Water Yield Model – Used to determine how much water would be newly introduced to urban areas by converting agricultural and forest land cover/land use data from 2001. – Assume change in water yield is the run-off expected if those areas were developed. Costs of storm-water BMP’s for Upper Neuse River Basin – Substituted values for study performed in Mecklenburg County, NC (American Forests, 2010) – Unit cost of $2/cubic ft to mitigate additional storm-water runoff – Unit cost of $6/cubic ft to mitigate additional storm-water runoff

6. Methods- Nutrient Retention Nitrogen Loading Caps: – NCAC 15A Rule.0234 and.0279. Rule.0234 (6) (A) Cost: – NC DENR/DWQ WARMF Report – Estimates nitrogen offset rate of $44/lb of nitrogen Translates to $97/kg for a 20 year period at 1% discount rate* Data NameValue Maximum Allowable Nitrogen Loading (Entire Upper Neuse Watershed) 58,370.99 kg N/yr Nitrogen Loading (At point of interest – Falls Dam) 8,756.00 kg N/yr Cost97.00 $/kg*

7. Methods- Carbon Carbon Storage – Output from InVEST model – Social Cost from XX (**need reference) – Middle Cost from XX (**need reference) Carbon Sequestration – Annual NPP for each land cover in watershed at both social and middle cost – 20 year period with 1% discount rate (? Is this right???)

8. Methods- Pollination Managed Pollinator Estimate Best Pollination Service Dollar Value: – $50 for 1 pallets, 1 acre, 1 season – INPUT VALUE = $300 for 2 pallets, 1 acre, year = 3 seasons – Convert $/acre to $/pixel at 30 meter resolution – 20 year value with a 1% discount rate InVEST Model Output – Normalize relative scale – Reclassify to percentiles Data NameValue Local Bee Keeper Quote$40-60/acre/season Best Pollination Service$300/acre/yr Value per Pixel$66.72/pixel/yr********

9. Methods- Stacked ES Values Overlay all value maps: Areas of high dollar value for ES are lighter.