1. Intellectual Property Boston College Law School January 17, 2007 Copyright – Useful Article, Works

2. Idea/Expression Dichotomy 17 U.S.C. § 102: Subject Matter –(a) Copyright protection subsists,… in original works of authorship fixed in a tangible medium of expression, …. –“(b) In no case does copyright protection for an original work of authorship extend to any idea, procedure, process, system, method of operation, concept, principle, or discovery regardless of the form in which it is described, explained, illustrated, or embodied in such work.”

3. Baker v. Selden Idea/expression doctrine –Copyright law protects expression, not ideas –Ideas, methods, etc. are subject to patent Merger doctrine –Where only one or a few ways to express an idea, not copyrightable –Otherwise, effectively grants protection to idea

4. When is there merger? Morrissey –Entrants should print name, address and social security number on boxtop, or a plain paper. –Entries must be accompanied by … boxtop or by plain paper on which the name … is copied from any source. P&G –Entrants should print name, address and Social Security number on a Tide boxtop, or on plain paper. –Entries must be accompanied by Tide boxtop (any size) or by plain paper on which the name “Tide” is copied from any source.

5. Pictorial, Graphic, Sculptural 17 U.S.C. § 101: –Pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works: “include two-dimensional and three-dimensional works of fine, graphic, and applied art, photographs, prints and art reproduction, maps, globes, charts, diagrams, models, and technical drawings …”

6. Pictorial, Graphic, Sculptural

7. Useful Article Doctrine 17 U.S.C. § 101: –Useful article: “article having an intrinsic utilitarian function that is not merely to portray the appearance of the article or to convey information.”

8. Useful Article Doctrine 17 U.S.C. § 101: –Pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works: “the design of a useful article … shall be considered a pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work only if, and only to the extent that, such design incorporates pictorial, graphic, or sculptural features that can be identified separately from, and are capable of existing independently of, the utilitarian aspects of the article.” H.R. Rep. No. 94-1476: –“Separability” Physical separability Conceptual separability

9. Useful Article Doctrine Applied ArtIndustrial Design

10. Copyright, Patent, Trademark PatentCopyright Trademark Useful Article Doctrine Product Design

11. Brandir v. Cascade Temporal displacement (Newman) Primary use Primarily aesthetic (Oakes) Marketed as art (Nimmer) Design process (Denicola) Ordinary observer (Winter)

12. Hypotheticals

13. Other Design Protection Regimes Sui Generis Legislation –Not passed Design Patents –Novelty, nonobviousness, … –Must get approval from PTO Trademarks –Secondary meaning –Nonfunctionality

14. 17 U.S.C. § 102 (a) Copyright protection subsists,… in original works of authorship fixed in a tangible medium of expression, …. Works of authorship include the following categories: –(1) literary works; –(2) musical works, …; –(3) dramatic works; –(4) pantomimes and choreographic works; –(5) pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works; –(6) motion pictures and other audio visual works; –(7) sound recordings; and –(8) architectural works

15. Literary Works Definition: “works … expressed in words, numbers, or other verbal or numerical symbols or indicia” Examples: books, articles, papers, catalogs, data compilations, software Limitation: short words and phrases not protected

16. Pictorial, Graphic, Sculptural Definition: “include two-dimensional and three- dimensional works of fine, graphic, and applied art, photographs, prints and art reproductions, maps, globes, charts, diagrams, models ….” Limitation: useful article doctrine

17. Architectural Works Protection extended in 1990 Limitations: –Functional elements not protected –Pictorial representations permitted –Alterations and destruction of buildings permitted

18. Dramatic, Pantomime, Choreo. Works that are meant to be performed Examples: plays, dances, screenplays, etc. –Must be fixed; if unfixed, subject to state law –Subject to special rules re: public performance right

19. Musical Works Includes both tune and lyrics Examples: “Happy Birthday”, Copeland’s Third Symphony, Britney Spears’s latest song Limitations: compulsory cover license

20. Musical Works Compulsory “cover” license, –17 U.S.C. 115, if: Author has already authorized distribution of a recording Payment of statutorily set royalty for every copy sold No material change to fundamental character of the work

21. Covers

22. Sound Recordings Definition: “works that result from the fixation of a series of musical, spoken, or other sounds” Examples: N.Y. Philharmonic’s recording of Copland’s Third Symphony, Britney Spears’s latest album Limitations: No general public performance right (although recent digital performance right)

23. Musical Works and Sound Rec. Musical Work: I Shot the Sheriff by Songwriter Unauthorized Copy of Bob Marley Sound Recording Unauthorized Broadcast of Clapton Version Sound Recording: I Shot the Sheriff Bob Marley License Sound Recording: I Shot the Sheriff Eric Clapton Compulsory License Sound Recording: I Shot the Sheriff Joe Liu No Royalty: Infringement of Musical Work Infringement of Sound Recording Infringement of Musical Work Infringement Of Musical Work No Infringement of Sound Recording

24. Motion Pictures and A/V Definition: “works that consist of a series of related images which are intrinsically intended to be shown by the use of machines or devices such as projectors, viewers, or electronic equipment, together with accompanying sounds, if any….” Examples: movies, multi-media works, video games, etc.

25. Derivative Works Definition: “based upon one or more preexisting works, such as a translation, musical arrangement, dramatization, fictionalization, motion picture version ….” Example: movie version of Harry Potter –Additional originality subject to protection –Subject to multiple copyrights

26. Compilations Definition: “work formed by the collection and assembling of preexisting materials or of data that are selected, coordinated, or arranged in such a way that the resulting work as a whole constitutes an original work of authorship.” Examples: academic journals, certain encyclopedias, musical compilations, factual compilations Main issue is originality

27. Greeting Card Example

28. Assignment for Next Class Read II.D – Ownership and Duration