1. US Participation in the International Collaboration at Super KEKB Tom Browder (University of Hawaii) 1. Accelerator: Plan and Track Record 2. Detector : Track record, Plan and possible US contributions On behalf of US groups (Cincinnati, Hawaii, VPI and University of Illinois N ) Thanks to Zoltan Ligeti for a compelling discussion of the physics case

2. New Physics Are there new particles beyond those in the SM, which have different couplings (either in magnitude or in phase) ? Supersymmety is an example (~40 new phases). Extra dimensions is another. (N.B. Sensitivity can extend beyond LHC) (in the Weak Interaction)

3. KEK’s 5 year Roadmap Official 20 page report released on January 4, 2008 by director A. Suzuki and KEK management KEKB’s upgrade to 2x10 35 /cm 2 /sec in 3+x years is the central element in particle physics. (Funding limited: Final goal is 8 x 10 35 and an integrated luminosity of 50 ab -1 ) –Will be finalized after recommendations by the Roadmap Review Committee (March 9-10). Membership: Young Kee Kim, John Ellis, Rolf Heuer, Andrew Hutton, Jon Rosner, H. Takeda and reviewers from other fields Super-Belle (and Super KEKB) is an open international project that covers the next two orders of magnitudes at the luminosity frontier. A special opportunity for high impact international collaboration

4. 2006200820102012201420162018 KEK Roadmap KEKB PF/PF-AR Detector R&D J-PARC ILC ILC R&D construction experiment + upgrade PF-ERL R&D for Advanced Accelerator and Detector Technology ERL R&D construction experiment C-ERL R&D LHC construction experiment + upgrade construction test experiment construction experiment + upgrade experiment upgrade experiment + upgrade Very Preliminary

5. 2007200820092010 Experiment at KEKB 4711041471 471 471 20112012 KEKB/Belle upgrade Detector Study Report (March 08) Final detector design (April 09) Pre kick-off meeting (March 08) 200720082009 47114210 358911122311126 Detector proposalsInternal review TDR BNM (January 08) One-day general meeting and an IB meeting at every BGM Meeting plan Actions to invite new collaborators Kick-off meeting (July 08) TIght Schedule for the Super KEKB Collaboration (inc. PID shootout) ** ** Possible 6-month shift to the right

6. KEKB’s Track Record PEP-II for BaBar KEKB for Belle KEKB + PEP-II ~ 1.3 Billion BB pairs ~768/fb (Feb 20) ~506/fb (Feb 20) design luminosity May be time to switch units to ab -1 L peak (KEKB) = 1.7 x 10 34 /cm 2 /sec (design 1.0)

7. Asymmetric energy e  e  collider at E CM =m(  (4S)) to be realized by upgrading the existing KEKB collider.Asymmetric energy e  e  collider at E CM =m(  (4S)) to be realized by upgrading the existing KEKB collider. Initial target: 10×higher luminosity  2  10 35 /cm 2 /secInitial target: 10×higher luminosity  2  10 35 /cm 2 /sec  2  10 9 BB and     per yr.  2  10 9 BB and     per yr. Final goal: L=8  10 35 /cm 2 /sec and ∫ L dt = 50 ab -1Final goal: L=8  10 35 /cm 2 /sec and ∫ L dt = 50 ab -1 Crab cavity 3.5GeV e  8GeV e  New beam-pipe with ante-chamber Damping ring for e + New IR with crab crossing and smaller  y * More RF for higher beam current SR beam after 3 year shutdown : A Super-B Factory at KEK e + source Ares RF cavity SCC RF(HER) ARES (LER) 3.5 GeV e + 8 GeV e - Many Super B components are being tested now

8. 1 st layer Beam Background ( after 1 st optimization) Conservative, robust detector should be handle up to 20 times more background Rad-Bhabha mask around QCS magnet IR chamber design Results based on GEANT sims validated by Belle/KEKB experience.

9. Features of the Super KEKB detector Issues: Higher background (x 20) Higher event rate (x 50) Radiation damage and occupancy Fake hits and pile-up in EM cal In contrast to LHCb, superb neutral detection capabilities. Capable of observing rare “missing energy modes” such as B  K bar with B tags. Hermiticity is critical. e.g. B  K S  0 γ can be used to detect right-handed currents

10. Super Belle: A detector for SuperKEKB New dead time free pipelined readout and high speed computing systems Faster calorimeter with waveform sampling and pure CsI (endcap) New particle identifier with precise Cherenkov device: (i)TOP or fDIRC. Si vertex detector with high background tolerance ((1)faster readout then (2)pixels) Background tolerant super small cell tracking detector KL/  detection with scintillator and next generation photon sensors

11. Conventional solutions (DSSD Si strips) are on the edge Stopgap alternatives include faster readout electronics (US proposes a pipelined VA chip) ~10%~4% ~2% Present: Belle SVD2 US contribution: Vertexing at KEK Super B SuperKEKB luminosity: L~1.7 x 10 34 → L~ 10 36 cm -2.s -1 SVD occupancy Present : layer 1 of SVD ~10% occupancy / 200 krad.yr -1 ＫＥＫＢ Upgrade: Super-Belle ~ x 20 expected increase

12. A more robust long term solution: Super KEKB Pixel Detector Marc Rosen Significant R+D Issues Can expect ~ 0.5% occupancy Assume 22.5 μm pixels and 10 μ sec integration time

13. PID at KEK Super B Two new particle ID devices, both using Cherenkov light: Barrel: Time-Of-Propagation (TOP) (baseline), iTOP, focusing DIRC (US contributions to readout electronics, optics) Endcap: proximity focusing aerogel RICH (Slovenia, KEK)

14. Principle of a TOP counter Linear array PMT (~5mm) Time resolution  ~40ps ~2m KK Simulation 2GeV/c,  =90 deg. ~200ps Different propagation lengths  propagation times (Measure 1D position and time in a compact detector) US groups: Can the performance be improved by imaging (i-TOP or f-DIRC) ? Provides ~4 σ  /K separation at 3.5 GeV/c

15. US contribution: imaging TOP (iTOP) Bars compatible (though thinner) with proposed TOP counter Concept : Use best of both TOP (timing) and DIRC and fit in Belle PID envelope Use new, compact solid-state photon detectors, new high-density electronics Use simultaneous T,  c [measured- predicted] for maximum K/  separation Keep pixel size comparable to DIRC BaBar DIRC Marc Rosen(UH)

16. Zoom in: US contribution (iTOP) 44 rows x 92 columns to planar array = 4048 channels 2 ends x 16 bars = 129,536 readout channels 2.5mm x 5mm collectors  1.25mm x 2.5mm G-APD i-TOP is better than TOP (MC in progress)

17. US Contribution: Focusing DIRC Alternative Cincinnati

18. Scintillator based K L / μ for KEK SuperB Two independent (x and y) layers in one superlayer made of orthogonal strips with WLS read out Photodetector = avalanche photodiode in Geiger mode (GAPD) ~120 strips in one 90 º sector (max L=280cm, w=25mm) ~30000 readout channels Geometrical acceptance > 99% Strips: polystyrene with 1.5% PTP & 0.01% POPOP Diffusion reflector (TiO 2 ) WLS: Kurarai Y11  1.2 mm GAPD Mirror 3M (above groove & at fiber end) Iron plate Aluminium frame x-strip plane y-strip plane Optical glue increase the light yield ~ 1.2-1.4) Possible US contribution to readout electronics

19. HIGG’s at Belle ?? HIGG’s= High Impact Gaijin Groups Will restrict comments here to US Groups: Cincinnati, Hawaii, Princeton, VPI, (Illinois/RIKEN) Two foreign spokespersons Construction and software of the KLM detector Construction and software for the TOF Two ICPV group leaders+many analyses One analysis coordinator Discoveries of new particles e.g. X(3872) Measurement of  /φ 2 SVD readout, IR masking +design, Kalman filter Dedicated run at the Upsilon(5S) Two publication council (PC) members (Azimuthal spin asymmetries) Many, many analyses….. (Track Record of Exceeding Expectations) US Role in the past

20. US participation in Super KEKB: 3 funding scenarios. 7.4 x 10 6 4.0 x 10 6 2.1 x 10 6 No contribution to final production. No pixel upgrade Assume startup in 2012, and US contributions to Si readout, pixel upgrade, PID device and muon system. (Values assume 4 DOE groups as well as 33% contingency for hardware and a 5 year project) hardware Total: 15.8 x 10 6 Total: 12.4 x 10 6 Total: 10.5 x 10 6

21. US Super KEKB Funding Profiles (Some possible scenarios) Total SVD Pixel iTOP personnel Leadership Scenario Fair share scenario Minor share scenario

22. Conclusions on the US Role at Super KEKB This is a special opportunity for high impact international collaboration. KEK is moving ahead with a machine and detector designed to discover new FCNC and new sources of CPV For the US groups, we propose participation in the silicon readout, pixel upgrade, optics and readout of the PID device, and the scintillator based muon upgrade. The accelerator and detector have a track record of exceeding expectations.

23. Backup Slides

28. US contribution: imaging TOP (iTOP) Instrument both ends & mean- time for triggering purposes Needs T & ring reconstruction code Readout Board

29. imaging TOP (iTOP) Acceptance gap: 2.4% 10mm thick bars

30. Barrel PID (TOP) Quartz: 255cm L x 40cm W x 2cm T –Focus mirror at 47.8deg. angle( )  y( ); correct chromatic dispersion t( ) Multi-anode (GaAsP) MCP-PMT –Linear array (5mm pitch), Good time resolution (<40ps) MCP-PMT lifetime to be checked re-polishing going on

31. Accelerator Luminosity is funding-limited Assume a construction project starting in 2009 with luminosity in 2012 (i.e. a 3 year accelerator and detector construction shutdown.) 200 oku-yen (European/Japanese accounting) is the default blue level Slide from Oide

32. Slide from Ohnishi + non- linear effects and machine errors

33. Projected luminosity (in a pessimistic funding-limited scenario) Integrate luminosity (ab -1 ) Peak luminosity (cm -2 s -1 ) 3 years shutdown Damping Ring RF upgrade KEK roadmap operation time : 200 days/year Target for roadmap Target for roadmap This story could change with more funding for RF and more collaborators Slide from Ohnishi

34. Installed in the KEKB tunnel. (February 2007) Electron Ring Positron Ring 22 mrad. crossing crab crossing Crab cavity commissioning

36. Super B Factory vs current sensitivities From TEB et al., hep-ph/0710.3799 and RMP in preparation Hard to condense all the NP observables into one sound bite…… (50-75 ab -1 )

37. Focusing-DIRC Array Concept (Cincinnati) Many k Photodetector channels SiPMs/APDs ASIC Carrier Socket Tiled Array Readout Board Make full use of new pixelated photodetectors (Sumiyoshi et al)

38. Readout Electronics using “Oscilloscope on a Chip” Must do high speed waveform sampling on a large number of channels in an economical way. This will be applied to timing for high luminosity PID (i-TOP or f-DIRC) Labrador chip developed by Varner et al at Hawaii LABRADORCommercial Sampling speed1-3.7 GSa/s2 GSa/s Bits/ENOBs12/9-108/7.4 Power/Chan.<= 0.05 W5-10 W Cost/Ch.$10> 1k$

39. Endcap PID (Aerogel-RICH) 1.045 1.050 1.055 1.062 N pe = 9.1,  (track) = 4.2 mrad achieved ~5.5  separation for 4 GeV/c K/  “ Focusing ” Aerogel radiator Photon Sensors –Sensitive to single photon High QE >~ 20 % High gain –Position detection accuracy: ~5x5 mm 2 –Large effective area: >~ 70 % –Operational with 1.5 Tesla magnetic field Hybrid (Avalanche) Photon Detector MCP (Micro Channel Plate) PMT Si-PM/MPPC