1. METO 637 Lesson 20

4. Planetary Atmospheres The existence of an atmosphere depends on three factors: (1) How close the planet is to the sun – basically the closer to the planet the higher the amount of heating (2) The mass of the planet. The higher the mass the larger the escape velocity has to be. (3) The strength of the magnetic field. The solar wind scows the surface of the planet unless it is diverted by a strong magnetic field, e.g. consider the Earth.

6. Planetary Atmospheres Consider the planet Mercury Its mass is only 5.5% of the earth. Its distance from the sun is 0.387 of that of the earth. The solar energy per unit area is increased by a factor of 6.7 Temperature variations are very large 90 to 700 K. Its core is largely solid iron – small magnetic field – 1% that of the Earth.

7. Planet mercury

9. Planet Venus

10. Venus Closest planet to the Sun that has an atmosphere. Atmosphere is about 100 times as massive as the Earth’s. Principle constituent is carbon dioxide. Planet is covered with clouds, the lower altitude of which is at the tropopause. The clouds reflect almost all of the solar radiation – chemical change below the clouds is thermal in nature Dense clouds lead to a run-away greenhouse effect – surface temperature ~740 K. Little water. Small magnetic field. The stratosphere extends from the cloud tops to 110 km.

12. Clouds on Venus

13. Clouds on venus Three major layers centered on 51,54, and 62 km.- complex. Three main types of cloud particles: (1) Type 1. Small aerosols – spread without the layers (2) Type 2. About one micron in size. Refractive index suggests concentrated sulfuric acid (75%) (3) Type 3. Large solid crystals found in middle and lower layers. Other constituents within the clouds are metal chlorides, and phosphorus compounds

14. Sub-cloud chemistry Chemistry dominated by thermal reactions of sulfur and carbon containing species. However measurements do not support the assumption of thermal equilibrium, at least for the laboratory measured reactions. Open question

15. Stratospheric chemistry Three major questions about the chemistry of Venus: (1) What controls the extent of CO 2 photolysis – there ought to be much less CO 2 using conventional chemistry (2) What part does SO 2 play. (3) What is the abundance of H 2

16. Stratospheric chemistry The photolysis of CO2 occurs readily above the clouds: CO 2 + hν → CO + O (1) but the recombination reaction CO + O + M → CO 2 + M (2) is spin forbidden and slow. Measurements indicate that a substantial part of reaction 1 leads to the production of O 2. Reactions of 1 and 2 alone would lead to a [CO]/[O] ratio of 2, whereas it is measured to be ~45. Need other reactions to oxidize CO back to CO 2. Simplest reaction is CO + OH → CO 2 + H But there is not enough water to produce the OH

17. Stratospheric chemistry Another possibility is chlorine: Cl + CO + M → ClCO + M ClCO + O 2 + M → ClCO 3 + M ClCO 3 + O → Cl + CO 2 + O 2 Net CO + O → CO 2 Also: Cl + CO + M → ClCO + M ClCO + O 2 + M → ClCO 3 + M ClCO 3 + Cl → Cl + CO 2 + ClO O + ClO → O 2 + Cl Net CO + O → CO 2 Both reaction chains convert CO back to CO 2, and do not destroy O 2.

18. Stratospheric chemistry Given the low abundance of molecular oxygen in the Venus atmosphere where does the O come from – probably from the breakdown of sulfur dioxide: SO 2 + hν → SO + O SO + hν → S + O SO + SO → S + SO 2