1. Stress and Coping Individual variability in the stress response –Amount of NE, E, CORT released –Level of CBG –# of receptors –Developmental effects on HPA axis –Perception

2. Developmental Effects (1) 1. In Humans (college students!) a. Score for level of maternal care received when young b. Separate out low and high maternal care receivers 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Count -4-3-20123 Level of Maternal Care Received as a child Histogram c. Test performance in a stressful arithmetic test Cortisol Response to stressful math test low maternal carehigh maternal care 0 10 20 30 40 50 cortisol

3. Low maternal care High maternal care From hippocampus cortisol ACTH CRH hypothalamus pituitary adrenals STRESS AXIS Developmental Effects (2): study in rats

4. Developmental Effects (3): long-term consequences Cold Pressor Test (in children) minutes cortisol Normal response Hyper-responsive Developed heart disease as an adult? 70 % 20%

5. Stress and Coping Individual variability in the stress response –Amount of NE, E, CORT released –Level of CBG –# of receptors –Developmental effects on HPA axis Early experience alters HPA axis function Change in HPA axis can have long term consequences (stress-related disease) –Perception Psychological variables

6. Psychological Variables Control Predictability Outlet for frustration The role of personality and temperament

7. Alleviating Chronic Stress Be physically active Social support Take care of your body Relax Take deep breaths (parasympathetic) Emotional outlet