1. Predicting the Microstructure and Properties of Steel Welds

2. MULTIPASS ARC WELD L.-E. SVENSSON

5. 100 µm

6. 20 µm Barrite, 1982

11. Manual Metal Arc Weld 180 Amps 34 Volts 4 mm/s 200 °C interpass Manual Metal Arc Weld 180 Amps 34 Volts 4 mm/s 200 °C interpass

12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 1. Fe-0.4C 2. Fe-0.4C-2Si 3. Fe-0.4C-1Ni 4. Fe-0.4C-1Mn 5. Fe-0.4C-1Mn-1Cr 6. Fe-0.4C-2Mn 0 1 2 3 4 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 Time / s 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 Temperature / C calculations

14. Barrite, 1982

18. 5 µm Barrite, 1982

19. 0.110.090.070.050.03 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Carbon / wt % Volume fraction Allotriomorphic Widmanstatten Acicular Fe-1Mn-C wt % manual metal arc welds

20. Bhadeshia & Svensson

23. Charpy toughness Murugananth & Bhadeshia

24. 7Ni 2Mn

25. 7Ni 0.5Mn

26. 7Ni 2Mn

27. 7Ni 0.5Mn

29. Weld Shape - Stitch Weld at 2.26 kW Laser Output Laser beam K eyhole L aser beam F usion Z one

30.  m w

31. Optically: mainly  -ferrite some w-ferrite <5% martensite TEM:  -ferrite much w-ferrite 155, 157 and 170 HV Mean Hardness: 161 HV Grain size 100 ±20  m 46%  -ferrite 21% w-ferrite 30% acicular ferrite & bainite 3% martensite 168 HV Grain size 103  m Measured Calculated

32. Charpy fatigue corrosion tensile critical stress intensity

33. Variables C, Mn, Si, Ni, Cr, Mo, V, Co, B, N, O….. Thermomechanical processing of steel Welding consumable Welding parameters Subsequent heat treatment

34. Empirical Equations  y = a + b (%C) +c (%Mn) + d (%Ni)....  y = a + b (%C) +c (%Mn) + d (%Ni).... 1223

35.  y = a + b (%C) +c (%Mn) + d(%C x %Mn)  y = a + b (%C) +c (%Mn) + d(%C x %Mn)

36.  y = a + b (%C) +c (%Mn) + d(%C x %Mn)  y = sin (%C) + tanh (%Mn)  y = a + b (%C) +c (%Mn) + d(%C x %Mn)  y = sin (%C) + tanh (%Mn)

38. Hyperbolic Tangents

41. non-linear functions

44. Predict what the next two numbers are likely to be: 2, 4, 6, 8, …….

46. Brun, Robson, Narayan, MacKay & Bhadeshia

47. precipitates solid solution iron + microstructure 550 °C 600 °C Murugananth & Bhadeshia Components of Creep Strength, 2.25Cr1Mo

48. Cole & Bhadeshia

50. Cool, 1996

52. As-welded 600 °C 650 °C 700 °C Cool, 1996

53. Siemens Mitsui Babcock Nippon Steel ABB

54. Thank you.