2. Microclimatological Instrumentation Lethbridge Microclimate Station (Flanagan) Trent Weather Station (Lafleur)

3. Coulee Weather Station (1 of 6) (Letts)

4. Cundinamarca, Colombia

5. Lakeview Ridge, Waterton Lakes National Park

6. Pearce Corners Cottonwood Grove

7. Temperature Measurement Thermocouple 2 wires of different composition joined by an electrical source Electrical resistance sensitive to temperature Resistance is measured and coverted to temperature information Thermister The hotter it gets, the less power it lets through Resistance is measured and converted to temperature information

8. Stevenson Shield An earlier radiation shield often used with wet and dry bulb thermometers Photo: Trent Weather Station

9. Temperature and Relative Humidity Temperature and RH sensors housed in Gill Radiation Shield Relative humidity sensor detects vapour adsorption onto a sulfonated polystyrene surface Temperature Sensor: thermister Function of Shields: Protect sensor from radiation (especially incoming shortwave and outgoing longwave radiation) while allowing air to pass.

10. Krypton Hygrometer Source emits in the 121- 122 nm range for which absorption by water vapour is strong and other gases do not absorb Detector senses amount of radiation received in this range Baseline established by conventional measurements

11. Rainfall and Snowfall Measurements Precipitation Gauge with Nipher Shield

13. Tipping Bucket Raingauge Cauca, Colombia Each ‘tip’ is logged by the datalogger

14. Tipping Bucket Raingauge Mechanism

15. ‘Old-fashioned’ raingauge Parque Munchique Cauca, Colombia

16. Wind Speed and Direction Cup anemometer signal frequency converted to windspeed Wind vane

18. Sonic anemometer Sound waves measure wind speed and temperature Time of flight for a sonic impulse to travel from a transmitting to a receiving transducer in both directions determines wind speed and direction Sonic Transducers

19. Radiation Measurements Shields made of materials appropriate for desired wavelength (eg. polyethylene for net radiation – transparent to both longwave and shortwave energy) Millivolt signals are proportional to the radiation level Net radiometer

20. Pyranometer Measures solar radiation on planar surface Pyrgeometer Measures infrared (longwave) radiation UV-B Radiometer Measures ultraviolet solar radiation on planar surface

21. Heat Flux Plate Senses conductive heat transmission in the medium within which it is buried Used for soil energy balance studies Voltage proportional to heat flux through plate

22. Field Station Tambito al Cocal River Base camp 2º30´25´´N, 77º00´02´´W, 1450 m Photo taken from microclimate station

23. Juntas, El Tambo, Cauca, Colombia 901 m asl

24. Downloading data from the datalogger…

25. Ideally, this is how it’s supposed to look…

26. Power Supplies Closed Path IRGAS Data Acquisition Computer Calibration Equipment Equipment Rack (CO2/H20 Analyzers) Source: Dr. Larry Flanagan Nice and organized !

27. “Leaf’ Wetness Sensor

28. Leaf Wetness Data

29. Photosynthesis Measurement Met stations often support ecological research projects

30. Leaf Reflectance Measurement (NDVI, CI, PRI, WBI)

31. Chlorophyll Fluorescence

32. Stemflow Measurements (Rood) Scaling leaf-level gas- exchange to whole plant hydraulics in a riparian environment