1. Bridging Bioinformatics and Chem(o)informatics
Gary Wiggins
School of Informatics
Indiana University
Yan He (SLIS MLS Student)
Meredith Saba (SLIS MLS Student)

2. Provocative Thought
“While much bioscience is published with the knowledge that machines will be expected to understand at least part of it, almost all chemistry is published purely for humans to read.”
Murray-Rust et al. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2004, 2, 3201.

3. Overview of the Talk Review of ACS CINF 2004 Papers
Review of Relevant Articles
Public Chemistry Databases and Data Repositories with Bioinformatics Info/Links
Overview of Web Services
NIH-funded Projects Underway or Planned at Indiana University

4. “The Bigger Picture — Linking Bioinformatics to Cheminformatics”
American Chemical Society Division of Chemical Information (CINF) Symposium, Anaheim, Spring 2004
All-day session with 16 papers

5. Problems from ACS CINF 2004
Both technical and people factors hinder knowledge exchange between biology and chemistry. (Lipinski)
People Problems per Chris Lipinski
Meta data capture is complicated by people issues, particularly those between chemists and biologists.
Discipline-based disconnects occur distressingly often and are frequently overlooked as a cause of lost productivity.

6. Interdisciplinary Collaborations: Biology and Chemistry
[What’s] “... important for these collaborations is, not only do you have to accept the other guy’s paradigm or at least live with it; you have to be willing to accept the other guy’s foibles or your perception of the other guy’s foibles (and recognize the opposite of this). We each have our own approaches to how we do science, and it’s just different cultures.”
--Thom Kauffman interview in ACS LiveWire, March 2005,

7. Some Questions from the ACS CINF 2004 Symposium
"Find all proteins related to protein A (i.e. within a given path length of A) in a protein interaction graph, and retrieve related assay results and compound structures.”
“Find all pathways where compound X inhibits or slows a reaction, and retrieve Gene Ontology classifications for all proteins involved in the reaction.”

8. Problems from ACS CINF 2004 Commercial vs. public data
Batch mode data processing possible in biology, but primitive in chemistry
Primary HTS data has a very high noise factor
Data format standardization problem
Chemoinformatics and bioinformatics use completely different data formats and analysis tools
Chemical and protein sequence information has been largely analyzed separately

9. Solutions from ACS CINF 2004
Linking biological and chemical information in computational approaches to predict biological activity, ADME profiles, and adverse drug reactions (ADR)
Energetics of binding for more accurate and sensitive chemical representation of DNA-protein interactions
A discovery informatics platform that facilitates archival, sharing, integration, and exploration of synthetic methods and biological activity data

10. Solutions from ACS CINF 2004
Data pipelining approach makes it possible to apply bioinformatics and chemoinformatics data and analyses together.
Visualizations are the best way for people to understand data.

11. Solutions from ACS CINF 2004
Cabinet (Chemical And Biological Information NETwork, formerly Fedora) servers include
Metabolic pathway network chart (Empath)
Protein-Ligand Association Network (Planet)
Enzyme Commission Codebook (EC Book)
Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM)
World Drug Index (WDI), and others.
Built on the Daylight HTTP toolkit

12. Overview of the Talk Review of Relevant Articles
Review of ACS CINF 2004 Papers
Review of Relevant Articles
Public Chemistry Databases and Data Repositories with Bioinformatics Info/Links
Overview of Web Services
NIH-funded Projects Underway or Planned at Indiana University

13. What is Chemoinformatics? (Brown)
“…the essence of chemoinformatics is integration and focus rather than its components, which are independent disciplines.”
Supporting disciplines:
Chemical information
Computational chemistry
Chemometrics

14. Chemoinformatics and Disease

15. Toolkits as Integrators (Brown)
Companies such as Daylight, Advanced Visual Systems, OpenEye, and SciTegic provide integration systems for:
Statistical methods
Text mining
Computational chemistry
Visualization

16. Genego’s MetaDrug Product
Toxicogenomics platform for the prediction of human drug metabolism and toxicity of novel compounds
Enables the visualization of pre-clinical and clinical high-throughput data in the context of the complete biological system
Integrates chemical, biological, and protein function data

17. BioWisdom
Examination of vast amounts of available information using its Sofia KnowledgeScan methodology
SRS data integration platform

18. Lessons from Hip Hop (Salamone)
Mashup technique
Bring together disparate informatics, biological, chemical, and imaging information when conducting research
Example of an integration tool: iSpecies.org
A search for a species returns a page with NCBI genomics information, Yahoo images of the species, and articles culled from Google Scholar

19. iSpecies.org Search
For mus musculus

20. Chemogenomics and Chemoproteomics (Gagna)
Chemogenomics (def.)—The description of all potential drugs that can be used against all possible target sites, OR the actions of target-specific chemical ligands and how they are used to globally examine genes
Chemoproteomics (def.)—Uses chemistry to characterize protein structure and functions
They are “. . . a form of chemical biology brought up to date in the area of genome and proteome analysis.”

21. New Interdisciplinary Journals
ACS Chemical Biology (ACS)
ChemBioChem; A European Journal of Chemical Biology (Wiley/VCH)
Chemical Biology and Drug Design (Blackwell)
JBIC; Journal of Biological and Inorganic Chemistry (Springer)
Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology (Wiley)
Molecular Biosystems (RSC)
Nature Chemical Biology (Nature Publishing)
Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry (RSC)

22. Open Source Software (Geldenhuys)
Log P calculator from Interactive Analysis
University of Utah’s Computational Science and Engineering Online
Can submit jobs for molecular mechanics, quantum chemical calculations, and biomolecular interfaces for viewing PDB files
Virtual Computational Chemistry Laboratory

23. The Blue Obelisk (Guha)
Several open chemistry and chemoinformatics projects that have pooled forces to enhance interoperability
Maintain:
Chemoinformatics Algorithms Dictionary
Data Repository for standardized data for chemical properties and other facts (e.g., mass)

24. BlueObelisk.org Working collaboratively on projects such as:
Chemistry Development Kit (CDK)
JChemPaint
Jmol
JUMBO
NMRShiftDB
Octet
Open Babel
QSAR
World Wide Molecular Matrix (WWMM)

25. Barriers to the Use of Open Source Software
Unix command line
Problem: Lack of known standards and datasets of compounds for validation, e.g., in docking programs

26. Lessons from the Human Genome Project (Austin)
Keys to success in the HGP were:
Comprehensiveness
Commitment to open access to the sequence as a research tool without encumbrance
Proposed tools for a “genome functionation toolbox”:
Whole-genome transcriptome and proteome characterization
Development of small inhibitory RNAs (siRNAs) and knockout mice for every gene
Small molecules and the druggable genome

27. ChemDB http://cdb.ics.uci.edu/CHEM/Web/

28. ChEBI, Chemical Entities of Biological Interest
Dictionary of molecular entities focused on small chemical compounds
Features an ontological classification, showing the relationships between molecular entities or classes of entities and their parents and/or children

29. Vioxx Entry in ChEBI

30. The IUPAC International Chemical Identifier (InChI)
Open source, non-proprietary, public-domain identifier for chemicals
String of characters that uniquely represent a molecular substance
Independent of the way the chemical structure is drawn
Enables reliable structure recognition and easy linking of diverse data compilations
Accepts as input MOLfiles (or SDfiles) and CML files
Download the program to your computer at:

31. Generation of InChI for Vioxx with wInChI

32. Vioxx Entry in PubChem Compounds Found with InChI

33. Vioxx Bioassay Data in PubChem

34. Vioxx PubChem Link to External Sources of Information

35. The Elsevier MDL/NIH Link via PubChem and DiscoveryGate
Cross-indexes PubChem to the Compound Index hosted on Elsevier MDL’s DiscoveryGate platform
MDL added 5 million structures from PubChem to their index, resulting in over 14 million unique chemical structures
Links go both ways
Can move from biological data in PubChem to bioactivity, chemical sourcing, synthetic methodology, and EHS data in DiscoveryGate sources

36. Elsevier MDL’s xPharm Comprehensive set of records linking:
Agents (compounds) (2300)
Targets (600)
Disorders (450)
Principles that govern their interactions (180)
Answers questions such as:
What targets are associated with control of blood pressure?
What adverse effects are associated with monoamine oxidase inhibitors?

37. Text Datamining (Banville)
“In the pharmaceutical field, it is ideally the marriage of biological and chemical information that needs to be the ultimate focus of text data mining applications.”
Problems:
Lack of universal publication standards for identifying each unique chemical entity
Selective indexing policies of A&I services
Need to understand how chemical structures link to biological processes

38. Chemical Datamining Software
SureChem
CLiDE
Recognizes structures, reactions, and text
OSCAR
“OSCAR1” to check experimental data
CSR (Chemical Structure Reconstruction)
MDL DocSearch—combines MDL’s Isentris platform and EMC’s Documentum

39. Overview of the Talk
Review of ACS CINF 2004 Papers
Review of Relevant Articles
Public Chemistry Databases and Data Repositories with Bioinformatics Info/Links
Overview of Web Services
NIH-funded Projects Underway or Planned at Indiana University

40. Themes from SwissProt’s 20th Anniversary Conference, “In silico Analysis of Proteins”
Knowledgebases, databases and other information resources for proteins
Sequence searches and alignments
Protein sequence analysis
Protein structure prediction, analysis and visualization
Proteomics data analysis

41. Chemoinformatics Databases (Jónsdóttir)
Lists databases relevant to drug discovery and development, including:
General databases
DBs for screening compounds
DBs for medicinal agents
DBs with ADMET properties
DBs with physico-chemical properties
Curiously does not mention Chemical Abstracts

42. Databases with Protein and Ligand Information (Jónsdóttir)
Protein Data Bank
Target Registration Database
Relibase—uses structural info to analyze protein-ligand interactions; Relibase+ for protein-protein interaction searching
Cambridge Structural Database
KEGG LIGAND DB for enzyme reactions

43. Other Databases with Protein and Ligand Information
SitesBase--a database of known ligand binding sites within the PDB
Binding MOAD
sc-PDB (Kellenberger)

44. sc-PDB http://bioinfo-pharma.u-strasbg.fr:8080/scPDB/index.jsp

45. Isatin Search on sc-PDB

46. Other Databases with Protein-Protein Interaction Data (Jónsdóttir)
YPD, Yeast Proteome Database (for proteins from S. cerevisiae)
Human Protein Reference Database
BIND, Biomolecular Interaction Network Database (ceased as of 11/16/2005?)

47. International Molecular Exchange (IMEx) Consortium http://imex
BIND ( The Blueprint Initiative AsiaPte. Ltd, Singapore and The Blueprint Initiative North America,Toronto Canada
DIP ( UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics & Proteomics
IntAct ( EMBL–European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, UK;
MINT ( University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome Italy
MPact ( MIPS / Institute for Bioinformatics, Munich, Germany.

48. Protein Sites from IU I533 Students and others
LigandDepot—integrated source for small molecules
PSIPRED Protein Structure Prediction Server
DSSP--a database of secondary structure assignments (and much more) for all protein entries in the PDB
Dr. Predrag Radivojac’s I690 class on Structural Bioinformatics

49. Protein Secondary Structure Prediction
Methods
Neural Network
Rule Based
Other Machine Learning
Homology Based

50. Protein Secondary Structure Prediction Software
PredictProtein
Chou-Fasman
NN Predict

51. Structure-Based Docking Methods
Scans many small molecules and “docks” them to a site of interest on a protein structure
Predicts free energy of binding
Filters thousands of compounds relatively quickly
Top hits can be used for more rigorous computational/experimental characterization and optimization

52. Structure-Based Docking Methods
Accelrys’s Insight (built on DOCK)
FlexX
Glide
GOLD

53. Useful Structure Databases
ModBase
Dali Database (Fold classification; based on PDB)
Protein Structure Analysis, Comparison, &/or Classification [Guide]

54. SCOP, Structural Classification of Proteins
Curated database of structural and evolutionary relationships
All known protein folds (v. 1.69, July 2005)
70,859 domains organized into 2,845 families, 1,539 superfamilies, and 945 folds
Detailed information about close relatives
Links to coordinates, images of structures, interactive viewers, and literature references

55. SCOP Search Options
Homology search yields a list of structures with significant levels of sequence similarity
Keyword search matches words in SCOP and PDB

56. CATH Protein Structure Classification
Like SCOP, structured hierarchically by:
Class (determined by secondary structure)
Architecture (overall shape, e.g., barrel, sandwich, roll, etc.) – no equivalent in SCOP
Topology (grouped into fold families based on overall shape and connectivity of secondary structures)
Homologous Superfamily (domains thought to share a common ancestor)
As of January 2005, had 43,229 domains classified into 1,467 superfamilies and 5,107 sequence families; A protein family database (CATH-PFDB) contained a total of 616,470 domain sequences classified into 23,876 sequence families

57. CATH Search Options
Can browse or search the classification by CATH code
CATH codes can be used to search other databases, e.g., DHS, Gene3D, and Impala

58. Gasteiger’s Biochemical Pathways Database
Database of biochemical pathways that represents chemical structures and reactions on the atomic level
Gives access to each atom and bond of the substrates of enzyme reactions
Allows the study of transition state hypotheses of enzyme reactions
Analysis of the physicochemical effects operating at the reaction site allows a classification of enzyme reactions that goes beyond the traditional EC code for enzymes.
1533 biochemical molecules and 2175 reactions

59. A Gene Expression Database for NCI60 (Scherf)
Published in Nature Genetics, 2000
First study to integrate gene expression with molecular pharmacology databases
Gene expression profiles for NCI60 assessed using microarray technology
Gene-drug relationships investigated by how the gene transcription levels vary with respect to drug activities

60. Correlation Matrix Between Drug Activity and Gene Expression

61. Other Relevant Databases/Servers
Each year Nucleic Acids Research publishes a Database Issue in January and a Web Server Issue in July (See refs in Bibliography section). Examples from the most recent issues:
Databases
Servers
KEGG
BASys
PDB
BRIDGEP
PINT
SCRATCH
MutDB
Glyprot
GLIDA
I2I-SiteEng
DrugBank
PatchDock
SPACE
SymmDock
DeNovoID

62. Overview of the Talk Overview of Web Services
Review of ACS CINF 2004 Papers
Review of Relevant Articles
Public Chemistry Databases and Data Repositories with Bioinformatics Info/Links
Overview of Web Services
NIH-funded Projects Underway or Planned at Indiana University

63. Web Services Overview What are “Web Services”?
A distributed invocation system built on Grid computing
Independent of platform and programming language
Built on existing Web standards
A service oriented architecture with
Interfaces based on Internet protocols
Messages in XML (except for binary data attachments)

64. Service-Oriented Architecture
From Curcin et al. DDT, 2005, 10(12),867

65. Web Services for Chemistry: Problems
Performance and scalability
Proprietary data
Competition from high-performance desktop applications
-- Geoff Hutchison, it’s a puzzle blog,
ALSO:
Lack of a substantial body of trustworthy Open Access databases
Non-standard chemical data formats (over 40 in regular use and requiring normalization to one another)

66. Overview of the Talk
Review of ACS CINF 2004 Papers
Review of Relevant Articles
Public Chemistry Databases and Data Repositories with Bioinformatics Info/Links
Overview of Web Services
NIH-funded Projects Underway or Planned at Indiana University

67. Indiana University Planned Projects: http://www.chembiogrid.org
Design of a Grid-based distributed data architecture
Development of tools for HTS data analysis and virtual screening
Database for quantum mechanical simulation data
Chemical prototype projects
Novel routes to enzymatic reaction mechanisms
Mechanism-based drug design
Data-inquiry-based development of new methods in natural product synthesis

68. Web Services for Chemistry at IU
Purpose
Technologies
Interaction Layer
Interactive software for creative access and exploitation of information by humans
Microsoft .NET Smart Clients, portlets, Java applets, and browser clients, visualization technologies
Aggregation Layer
Workflows and data schemas customized for particular domains, applications and users
BPEL, Taverna and other workflow modeling tools, aggregate web services
Web service layer
Comprehensive data and computation provision including storage, calculation, semantics and meta-data exposed as web services
Apache web services, SOAP wrappers, WSDL, UDDI, XML,
Microsoft .NET

69. NCI Developmental Therapeutics Program (DTP)
Downloadable data:
In vitro 60 cell line results
in vitro anti-HIV results
Yeast assay
200,000+ chemical structures
molecular targets
microarray data
Or search the database at:

70. IU Database of NIH DTP Data
Contains over 200,000 chemical structures tested in 60 cellular assays from different human tumor cell lines
Also includes microarray assay profiles for the untreated cell lines (~14,000 datapoints)
A local PostgreSQL database containing the data that is exposed as a web service
Using workflows and complex SQL queries, we can do advanced data mining that exploits the chemical, biological and genomic information for particular audiences (chemists, biologists, etc)

71. Mining the NIH DTP database
~14,000 gene expression values
60 cell lines
Cell lines can be clustered based on gene expression similarity
~200,000 compounds
Compounds can be clustered based on similarity of profile
across cell lines, or by chemical structure fingerprint similarity

72. Use of Taverna at IU
A protein implicated in tumor growth is supplied to the docking program (in this case HSP90 taken from the PDB 1Y4 complex)
The workflow employs our local NIH DTP database service to search 200,000 compounds tested in human tumor cellular assays for similar structures to the ligand.
Client portlets are used to browse these structures
Once docking is complete, the user visualizes the high-scoring docked structures in a portlet using the JMOL applet.
Similar structures are filtered for drugability, and are automatically passed to the OpenEye FRED docking program for docking into the target protein.
A 2D structure is supplied for input into the similarity search (in this case, the extracted bound ligand from the PDB IY4 complex)
Correlation of docking results and “biological fingerprints” across the human tumor cell lines can help identify potential mechanisms of action of DTP compounds

73. Taverna Workflow Workflow definition Available web services (WSDL)
Visual depiction of workflow

74. Taverna in Action

75. Overall Workflow

76. Pre-Closing Quote
“There is not going to be a ‘voila’ moment at the computer terminal. Instead, there is systematic use of wide-ranging computational tools to facilitate and enhance the drug discovery process.”
Jorgensen. Science, March 19, 2004, 303, 1814.

77. Closing quote
“The future of chemistry depends on the automated analysis of chemical knowledge, combining disparate data sources in a single resource, such as the World-Wide Molecular Matrix, which can be analysed using computational techniques to assess and build on these data.”
Townsend et al. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2004, 2, 3299.

78. Post-closing quote: zzzzzCAS
“In an industry first, Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) has unveiled a revolutionary new literature searching tool which will permit scientists to search and retrieve the world’s chemical literature—including patents and obscure technical reports—in their sleep.”
--Author unknown

79. Acknowledgements Randy Arnold Xiao Dong Sean Mooney Peter Murray-Rust
David J. Wild
I533 Chemical Informatics Seminar Students
Elsevier Science

80. Bibliography: Articles, Books, and Conference Papers
“The Bigger Picture: Linking Bioinformatics to Cheminformatics” [CINF Symposium] Abstracts [1-16], 227th ACS National Meeting Anaheim, CA, March 28-April 1,
Austin, C.P. “The completed human genome: implications for chemical biology.” Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 2003, 7,
Bajorath, Jürgen, ed. Chemoinformatics: concepts, methods, and tools for drug discovery. Totowa, N.J. : Humana Press, c2004. (Methods in molecular biology ; v. 275)
Banville, Debra L. “Mining chemical structural informationo from the drug literature.” Drug Discovery Today January 2006, 11(1/2),
Brown F. “Editorial opinion: chemoinformatics - a ten year update.” Current Opinion in Drug Discovery and Development 2005 May; 8(3):

81. Bibliography: Articles (cont’d)
Coles, Simon J.; Day, Nick E.; Murray-Rust, Peter; Rzepa, Henry S.; Zhang, Yong. “Enhancement of the chemical semantic web through InChIfication.” Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 2005, 3,
Curcin, Vera; Ghanem, Moustafa; Guo, Yike. "Web services in the life sciences." Drug Discovery Today 2005, 10(12),
Gagna CE, Winokur D, Clark Lambert W. “Cell biology, chemogenomics and chemoproteomics.” Cell Biol Int. 2004; 28(11):
Geldenhuys, W.J.; Gaasch, K.E.; Watson, M.; Allen, D.D.;Van Der Schyf, C.J. “Optimizing the use of open-source software applications in drug discovery.” Drug Discovery Today February 2006, 11(3/4),
Guha, R.; Howard, M.T.; Hutchison, G.R.; Murray-Rust, P.; Rzepa, H.; Steinbeck, C; Wegner, J.; Willighagen, E.L. “The Blue Obelisk—Interoperability in chemical informatics.” Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 2006 Web Release Date: 22-Feb-2006; DOI: /ci050400b

82. Bibliography: Articles (cont’d)
Jónsdóttir, S.O.; Jorgensen, F.S.; Brunak, S. “Prediction methods and databases within chemoinformatics: emphasis on drugs and drug candidates.” Bioinformatics 2005 May 15; 21(10):
Jorgensen, William L. “The many roles of computation in drug discovery.” Science March 19, 2004, 303,
Kauffman, Thom. “Profile.” [interview] LiveWire, March 2005, 7.3;
Murray-Rust, Peter S.; Mitchell, John B.O.; Rzepa, Henry S. “Communication and re-use of chemical information in bioscience.” BMC Bioinformatics 2005, 6, 180.
Murray-Rust, Peter; Mitchell, John B.O.; Rzepa, Henry S. “Chemistry in bioinformatics.” BMC Bioinformatics 2005, 6,
Povolna, Vera; Dixon, Scott; Weininger, David. “Cabinet—Chemical and Biological Informatics NETwork.” in: Oprea, Tudor I., ed. Chemoinformatics in Drug Discovery. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2004,

83. Bibliography: Articles (cont’d)
Salamone, Salvatore. “Hip Hop offers lessons on life sciences data integration.” Bio-IT World February 2006, 36.
Scherf Uwe, Ross Douglas T., Waltham Mark, Smith Lawrence H., Lee Jae K., Tanabe Lorraine, Kohn Kurt W., Reinhold William C., Myers Timothy G., Andrews Darren T., Scudiero Dominic A., Eisen Michael B., Sausville Edward A., Pommier Yves, Botstein David, Brown Patrick O., Weinstein John N. “A gene expression database for the molecular pharmacology of cancer.” Nature Genetics 2000, 24,
Souchelnytskyi, S. "Bridging proteomics and systems biology: What are the roads to be traveled?" Proteomics 2005 (November), 5(16),
Tetko, Igor V. “Computing chemistry on the web.” Drug Discovery Today November 2005, 10(22),

84. Bibliography: Articles (cont’d)
Zimmermann, Marc; Thi, Le Thuy Bui; Hofmann, Martin. “Combating illiteracy in chemistry: Towards computer-based chemical structure reconstruction.” ERCIM News January 2005, 60,
Zimmermann, Marc; Fluck, Juliane; Thi, Le Thuy Bui; Kolarik, Corinna; Kumpf, Kai; Hofmann, Martin. “Information extraction in the life sciences: Perspectives for medicinal. chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology.” Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 2005, 5(8),

85. Bibliography: Databases
Andreeva, A.; Howorth, D.; Brenner, S.E.; Hubbard, T.J.P.; Chothia, C.; Murzin, A.G. “SCOP database in 2004: refinements integrate structure and sequence family data.” Nucleic Acids Research 2004, 32 Database issue D226-D229 doi: /nar/gkh039
Chen J, Swamidass SJ, Dou Y, Bruand J, Baldi P. “ChemDB: a public database of small molecules and related chemoinformatics resources.” Bioinformatics Nov 15; 21(22):
Dunkel, M.; Fullbeck, M.; Neumann, S.; Preissner, R. “SuperNatural: a searchable database of available natural compounds.” Nucleic Acids Research 2006, 34, Database issue D678-D683 doi: /nar/gkj132
Gold, Nicola D.; Jackson, Richard M. “A searchable database for comparing protein-ligand binding site for the analysis of structure-function relationships.” Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 2006, 46(2),

86. Bibliography: Databases (cont’d)
Kanehisa, M.; Goto, S.; Hattori, M.; Aoki-Kinoshita, F. Itoh, M.; Kawashima, S.; Katayama, T.; Araki, M; Hirakawa, M. “From genomics to chemical genomics: new developments in KEGG.” Nucleic Acids Research 2006, 34, Database issue D354-D357. doi: 10:1093/nar/gkj102.
Kellenberger, Esther; Muller, Pascal; Schalon, Clarire; Bret, Guillaume; Foata, Nicolas; Rognan, Didier. “sc-PDB: An annotated database of druggable binding sites from the Protein Data Bank.” Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 2006, 46(2),
Kirwin, J.J.; Shoichet, B.K. “ZINC—A free database of commercially available compounds for virtual screening.” Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 2005, 45,
Kouranov, A.; Xie, L. de la Cruz, J.; Chen, L.; Westbrook, J.; Bourne, P.E.; Berman, H.M. “The RCSB PDB information protal for structural genomics.” Nucleic Acids Research 2006, 34, Database issue D302-D305 doe: 10:1093/nar/gkj120
Kumar, M.D.S.; Gromiha, M.M. “PINT: Protein-protein interactions thermodynamic database.” Nucleic Acids Research 2006, 34 Database issue D195-D198 doi: /nar/gkj017

87. Bibliography: Databases (cont’d)
Lo Conte, L.; Brenner, S.E.; Hubbard, T.J.P.; Chothia, C.; Murzin, A.G. “SCOP database in 2002: refinements accommodate structural genomics.” Nucleic Acids Research 2002, 30(1):
Murzin, A.G.; Brenner, S.E.; Hubbard, T.; Chothia, C. “SCOP: A structural classification of proteins database for the investigation of sequences and structures.” Journal of Molecular Biology 1995, 247,
Okuno, Y.; Yang, J.; Taneishi, K.; Yabuuchi, H.; Tsujimoto, G. “GLIDA: GPCR-ligand database for chemical genomic drug discovery.” Nucleic Acids Research 2006, 34, Database issue D673-D677 doi: /nar/gkj028.
Pearl F, Todd A, Sillitoe I, Dibley M, Redfern O, Lewis T, Bennett C, Marsden R, Grant A, Lee D, Akpor A, Maibaum M, Harrison A, Dallman T, Reeves G, Diboun I, Addou S, Lise S, Johnston C, Sillero A, Thornton J, Orengo C. The CATH Domain Structure Database and related resources Gene3D and DHS provide comprehensive domain family information for genome analysis.” Nucleic Acids Research. 2005, 33 Database Issue D247-D251.

88. Bibliography: Databases (cont’d)
Wheeler, D.L. et al. “Database resources of the National Center for Biotechnology Information.” Nucleic Acids Research 2006, 34 Database Issue D173-D180 doi: /nar/gkj158
Wishart DS, Knox C, Guo AC, Shrivastava S, Hassanali M, Stothard P, Chang Z, Woolsey, Jennifer. “DrugBank: a comprehensive resource for in silico drug discovery and exploration.” Nucleic Acids Res Jan 1;34(Database issue): D

89. Biotech Validation Suite for Protein Structures
Send the server a PDB file
Server provides a comprehensive check of the protein, including:
Atomic volume analysis
Full geometric analysis
NMR restraint data

90. Knowledge-Driven Bioinformatics Enhanced with Chemistry

91. ToxTree An in silico toxicology prediction suite
Based on the CDK toolkit
Built on CML
Released as OpenSource under the GPL
Standalone PC software
User Manual:

92. Tools for Genomic and Proteomic Scientists vis-à-vis Cell Biology (Gagna et al.)
Tools to fully exploit the techniques in cellular biology
Light microscopy for high resolution images
Fractionation of cells into basic components via ultracentrifugation
Analysis of individual cells through flow cytometry
LCM, normal and diseased TMAs (tissue microarrays), quantitative computer image analysis, cell micromanipulation, and high-throughput microscopy

93. InChI Generation on the Web
The following websites provide the facility to generate InChIs:
ACD/Labs' freely available structure-drawing program ChemSketch includes the facility to generate InChIs from drawn structures.
pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/edit/ PubChem Server Side Structure Editor v1.8 includes a facility for generating InChIs as you draw the structure.

94. Advances in Macromolcular Crystallography by CCG
More protein structures available now
Use of 3D info in bioinformatics makes functional inferences more dependable
CCG Structural Family Database distributed with MOE
Includes fold detection methodology to ID structurally similar proteins
Simultaneous sequence and structural alignment of large collections of proteins
3D structural family analysis for insight into conserved geometry, water molecules, salt bridges, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic contacts, and disulfide bonds

95. CCG’s Cheminformatics Offerings
MOE Molecular Database
Mo lecular Descriptors calculated and used for classification, clustering, filtering, and predictive model construction
QSAR/QSPR Predictive Modeling
Diversity and Similarity Searching
High Throughput Conformational Search
3D Pharmacophore Search

96. Components of the Semantic Web for Chemistry
XML – eXtensible Markup Language
RDF – Resource Description Framework
RSS – Rich Site Summary
Dublin Core – allows metadata-based newsfeeds
OWL – for ontologies
BPEL4WS – for workflow and web services
Murray-Rust et al. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2004, 2,

97. Web Services Integration Projects: Biosciences
myGrid
BIOPIPE
BioMOBY

98. BIOT 2006 Major themes, areas and suggested topics include
- Bio-molecular and Phylogenetic Databases
- Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetic analysis
- Drug Delivery Systems
- Bio-Ontology and Data Mining
- Sequence Search and Alignment
- Microarray Analysis
- System Biology
- Pathway analysis
- Identification and Classification of Genes
- Protein Structure Prediction and Molecular Simulation
- Functional Genomics
- Proteomics
- Tertiary structure prediction
- Drug Docking
- Gene Expression Analysis
- Biomedical Imaging

99. Proteomics: What is it?
Proteomics is the study of protein expression, regulation, modification, and function in living systems for understanding how living systems use proteins. Using a variety of techniques, proteomics can be used to study how proteins interact within a system, or how proteins change due to applied stresses.
Requires advanced measurement techniques, especially separations and mass spectrometry

100. Proteomics Needs Informatics for:
Locating peaks in 2 or more dimensions
MS/MS spectra interpretation
Protein/Peptide quantification
Peptide detectability
Experimental data  Biological information
enzyme or pathway regulation
disease susceptibility
drug efficacy