1. Vesicle Transport Chapter 13

3. Multivesicular bodies form on the pathway to late endosomes

4. ubiquitin marks protein for destruction

7. Formation of secretory vesicles

8. Blood glucose regulation

9. α and β cells in islet of Langerhans

10. The Pancreas

11. Secretory vesicles formed in a insulin secreting β cell of the pancreas stained with clathrin antibody

12. Release of insulin from a secretory vesicle of a pancreatic β-cell

13. Insulin signal causes relocation of glucose transporters

14. Before Insulin Before insulin was discovered in 1921, everyone with type 1 diabetes died within weeks to years of its onset

17. rapid histamine release by mast cells

18. Cell Communication chapter 15

19. Intracellular signaling pathways

20. 4 types of intercellular signaling

22. Autocrine signaling allow a group of cells but not a single cell to respond to a differentiation signal coordinates decisions by a group of identical cells

23. Gap junctions allow signaling information to be shared by neighboring cells

24. figure 05-06b.jpg Gap Junction

25. An animal cell depends on extracellular signals to survive or divide

26. An animal cell depends on extracellular signals to differentiate. Without extracellular signals the cell will die

27. Acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter, can induce various responses in different cells

30. Chemical Structure of Acetylcholine

31. Signaling molecules must be turned over rapidly; if turnover time is one minute concentration can decrease rapidly

32. Signaling molecules must be turned over rapidly; if turnover time is one minute concentration can increase rapidly

33. Extracellular signaling molecules can bind to intracellular receptors

34. Acetyl choline causes release of NO which results in rapid relaxation of smooth muscle cells

35. Signaling molecules that bind to nuclear receptors are small and hydrophobic

36. Inhibitory proteins make receptor inactive when not bound to the signaling molecule

37. When signaling molecule binds receptor binds DNA and increases gene transcription

38. Nuclear receptors have a DNA binding domain

39. Extracellular signaling molecules can bind to cell surface receptors

40. 3 large classes of cell surface receptors; ion channel linked receptors

41. Active Chemical Synapse

42. 3 large classes of cell surface receptors; G protein linked receptors

43. 3 large classes of cell surface receptors; enzyme linked receptors