1. CMT4001 -- Programming Software Applications Week 3 Dr. Xiaohong Gao TP Room B107 Control Structures

2. Contents  To become familiar with control structures  To become familiar with the if Selection Structure  To become familiar with the if/else selection structure  To become familiar with nested control structures  To become familiar with nested if/else structures

3. Control Structures Before writing a program  Have a thorough understanding of problem Carefully planned approach for solving it While writing a program  Know what “building blocks” are available  Use good programming principles Computing problems  All can be solved by executing a series of actions in a specific order

4. Control Structures Algorithm  Procedure in terms of actions to be executed order in which these actions are to be executed  Example: " Rise and Shine " algorithm Get out of bed, take off pajamas, take a shower, get dressed, eat breakfast, carpool to work Program control  Specify order in which statements are to executed

5. Control Structures Pseudocode  Artificial, informal language Helps develop algorithms  Similar to everyday English  Not actually executed on computers  “Think out” a program before writing it in a programming language Easy to convert into a corresponding Java program Consists only of executable statements  Declarations are not executable statements  Actions: input, output, calculation

6. Control Structures Bohm and Jacopini –Selection structures Three types : if, if/else, and switch –Repetition structures Three types : while, do/while, and for Keywords –Words reserved for Java –Cannot be used as identifiers or variable names

7. Control Structures

8. Flowchart  Drawn using symbols connected by arrows called flowlines  Graphical representation of an algorithm Rectangle symbol (action symbol) –Indicates any type of action. Oval symbol:  Indicates beginning or end of a program, or a section of code  Oval containing "Begin" is first symbol Oval containing "End" is last symbol When drawing a portion, small circles used  Useful for algorithms, but psuedocode generally preferred

9. Control Structures Flowchart of sequence structure  Two actions performed in order total = total + grade; add grade to total add 1 to counter counter = counter + 1;

10. The if Selection Structure // JavaVendorMachine0.java – no decision import java.io.*; public class JavaVendor Machine0 { public static void main(String[]args) { System.out.println(“Drop cup into position”); System.out.println(“Pour hot water through filter”); System.out.println(“Pour cream into cup”); System.out.println(“Open door”); }

11. The if Selection Structure import java.io.*; public class CoffeeVendorMachine { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { char userChoice; //create a char field //to hold the selection //tell the customer what the options are System.out.println("Enter 1 for cream:"); System.out.println("Enter 2 for no cream:");

12. The if Selection Structure // get the user's selection userChoice = (char) System.in.read(); System.out.println("Drop small cup into position."); System.out.println("Pour hot water through filter"); //dispense a cream if the user enter '1' //nothing otherwise; if(userChoice==1) System.out.println("Poor cream into cup"); System.out.println("Open door"); }

13. The if Selection Structure Output of the program: Enter 1 for cream: Enter 2 for no cream: 1 Drop small cup into position. Pour hot water through filter. Pour cream into cup. Open door. (Cont..)

14. The if Selection Structure Output of the program: Enter 1 for cream: Enter 2 for no cream: 2 Drop small cup into position. Pour hot water through filter. Open door.

15. The if Selection Structure Selection structure  Used to choose among alternative courses of action Pseudocode: If user choice is 1, print “Pour cream into cup”  If condition true Print statement executed and program goes on to next statement  If condition false Print statement is ignored and the program goes onto the next statement Java ignores whitespace characters

16. The if Selection Structure if ( condition ) statement; Condition body Boolean condition Keyword 1 2 3 if (userChoice ==1) System.out.println(“Pour cream into cup”);

17. The if Selection Structure Selection structure –Pseudocode statement If user choice is 1 than print “add cream” Pseudocode statement in Java if ( userChoice==1 ) System.out.println( “Pour cream into cup" ); Corresponds closely to pseudocode Flowcharts –Diamond symbol - decision symbol Important - indicates an decision is to be made Contains expression that can be true or false

18. The if Selection Structure Flowcharts  Diamond symbol has two paths Indicates what to do if condition true or false  Decision can be made on anything that evaluates to a value of data type boolean true or false true false userChoice== 1 print “Add cream” if is a single-entry/ single-exit structure

19. The if/else Selection Structure Selection structures – if Only performs an action if condition true – if/else Performs different action when condition true than when condition false Pseudocode If user choice is ‘S’print ”Provide a small coffee”” else Print “Provide a large coffee”

20. The if/else Selection Structure Java code: if(userChoice ==‘S’) { System.out.println(“Drop a small cup into place”); System.out.println(“dispose 8 oz.hot water”); } else { System.out.println(“Drop a large cup into place”); System.out.println(“Dispose 12 oz.hot water”); }

21. The if/else Selection Structure import java.io.*; public class CoffeeVendorMachine1 { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { char userChoice; //create a char //field to hold the selection //tell the customer what the options are System.out.println(); System.out.println("Enter S for small cup\n"); System.out.println("Enter L for large cup\n"); System.out.println("Enter your selection, please:");

22. The if/else Selection Structure //get the user's selection userChoice = (char) System.in.read(); //dispense a small cup if the user enters 'S', // a large cup otherwise if (userChoice == 'S') { System.out.println("Drop small cup into position"); System.out.println("Dispense 8 oz.hot water"); }

23. The if/else Selection Structure else { System.out.println("Drop large cup into position"); System.out.println("Dispense 12 oz.hot water"); } System.out.println("Open door"); }

24. The if/else Selection Structure Program’s output: Enter S for small cup. Enter your selection, please: Small Drop small cup into position. Dispense 8 oz.hot water. Open door. (Cont…)

25. The if/else Selection Structure Program’s output: Enter S for small cup. Enter your selection, please: Large Drop large cup into position. Dispense 12 oz.hot water. Open door.

26. The if/else Selection Structure if (condition) { statement; // if condition true statement; } else { statement; // if condition false statement; } 5 4 3 21 False branch True branch Boolean test expression Keywords Braces

27. The if/else Selection Structure Flowchart of if / else structure  Note that only symbols (besides circles and arrows) are Rectangles: actions Diamonds: decisions  Action/decision model model of computing Programmer's job to assemble structures by stacking and nesting, then the define actions and decisions truefalse print “large cup” print “Small cup” userChoice==‘S’

28. Nested if/else structures  Test for multiple cases  Place if / else structures inside if / else structures  If first condition met, other statements skipped

29. Nested if/else structures Nested structures if ( studentGrade >= 90 ) System.out.println( "A" ); else if ( studentGrade >= 80 ) System.out.println( "B" ); else if ( studentGrade >= 70 ) System.out.println( "C" ); else if ( studentGrade >= 60 ) System.out.println( "D" ); else System.out.println( "F" ); else only executes when the if condition fails..

30. Nested if/else structures // program using nested logic import java.io.*; public class CoffeeVendorMachine5 { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { char userChoice;//create a char field to hold // the selection //tell the customer what the options are System.out.println(); System.out.println("Bold, Brazilian Roast (Extra Octane)"); System.out.println(" 1 - Small");

31. Nested if/else structures System.out.println(" 2 - Large"); System.out.println("\nSuper Soother Italian Expres:"); System.out.println(" 3 - Small"); System.out.println(" 4 - Large"); System.out.println("Enter your selection, please:"); System.out.flush(); //get the user's selection userChoice = (char) System.in.read(); //decide between Brazilian filter and Italian //filter if ( userChoice=='1' || userChoice == '2')

32. Nested if/else structures { System.out.println("Put Brazilian Roast filter in place"); if (userChoice =='1') { System.out.println("Drop small cup into position"); System.out.println("Dispense 8 oz.hot water"); } else { System.out.println("Drop large cup into position"); System.out.println("Dispense 12 oz. hot water"); }

33. Nested if/else structures } else { System.out.println("Put Italian Expresso filter in place"); if (userChoice =='3') { System.out.println("Drop small cup into position"); System.out.println("Dispense 8 oz.hot water"); } else { System.out.println("Drop large cup into position"); System.out.println("Dispense 12 oz.hot water"); }

34. Nested if/else structures } System.out.println("Open door"); }

35. The if/else Selection Structure Important note  Java always associates else with previous if unless braces ( {} ) present Dangling-else problem if ( x > 5 ) if ( y > 5 ) System.out.println( "x and y are > 5" ); else System.out.println( "x is <= 5" );

36. The if/else Selection Structure  Does not execute as it appears, executes as if ( x > 5 ) if ( y > 5 ) System.out.println( "x and y are > 5" ); else System.out.println( "x is <= 5" );

37. The if/else Selection Structure Important note  Must force structure to execute as intended Use braces to indicate that second if in body of first if ( x > 5 ) { if ( y > 5 ) System.out.println( "x and y are > 5" ); } else System.out.println( "x is <= 5" ); Compound statements  Compound statement - set of statements within braces Can be used wherever a single statement can  if expects one statement in its body  To enclose multiple statements, enclose them in braces

38. CoffeeVendorMachine5.java //program using nested logic import java.io.*; public class CoffeeVendorMachine5 { public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception { char userChoice; //create a char //field to hold the selection //tell the customer what the options are System.out.println(); System.out.println("Bold,Brazilian Roast(Extra Octane)"); System.out.println(" 1 - Small"); System.out.println(" 2 - Large"); System.out.println("\nSuper Soother Italian Expresso:");

39. CoffeeVendorMachine5.java System.out.println(" 3 - Small"); System.out.println(" 4 - Large"); System.out.println("Enter your selection,please:"); System.out.flush(); //get the user's selection userChoice = (char) System.in.read(); //decide between Brazilian filter and Italian filter if ( userChoice=='1' || userChoice == '2') { System.out.println("Put Brazilian Roast filter in place");

40. CoffeeVendorMachine5.java if (userChoice =='1') { System.out.println("Drop small cup into position"); System.out.println("Dispense 8 oz.hot water"); } else { System.out.println("Drop large cup into position"); System.out.println("Dispense 12 oz. hot water"); } else { System.out.println("Put Italian Expresso filter in place");

41. CoffeeVendorMachine5.java if (userChoice =='3') { System.out.println("Drop small cup into position"); System.out.println("Dispense 8 oz.hot water"); } else { System.out.println("Drop large cup into position"); System.out.println("Dispense 12 oz.hot water"); } } System.out.println("Open door"); }

42. Summary Control Structure Selection Structure