1. Mars and the Search for Subsurface Life

2. Introduction to the Subsurface SubsurfaceVs.Subterranean Hofmann and Farmer, 2000

4. Are there caves on Mars? Boston, 2002

8. Why Caves? Protection from UV radiation, wind, impactors, etc. Protection from UV radiation, wind, impactors, etc. Insulation from temperature fluctuations Insulation from temperature fluctuations Potentially sealed (increased pressure, possibly into the liquid H20 stability field) Potentially sealed (increased pressure, possibly into the liquid H20 stability field) Preservation of extinct organisms Preservation of extinct organisms

9. Biosignature Suites Morphological fossils Morphological fossils Mineral-coated filaments Mineral-coated filaments Microbial mats Microbial mats C-14 and S-34 values indicative of life C-14 and S-34 values indicative of life Genetic data Genetic data Elemental abundances and ratios Elemental abundances and ratios Crystallographic mineral forms Crystallographic mineral forms Boston, 2001

10. Preferably ID-able on Multiple Levels Macroscopic Macroscopic Microscopic Microscopic Non-morphologic Non-morphologic

11. Case Study: Snottites

12. How to Find and Explore Caves Visually (HiRise Camera & MOC) Visually (HiRise Camera & MOC) Ground Penetrating RADAR Ground Penetrating RADAR Microgravity anomaly mapping Microgravity anomaly mapping Seismic info Seismic info Outgassing Outgassing Situational (near faults etc) Situational (near faults etc) Micro-robots Micro-robots