1. FENICs Female Employment and Family Formation in National Institutional Contexts Segregation and part-time work: Obstacles to adequate employment: Stephanie Steinmetz (ssteinmetz@mail.com) Johann Handl (jhandl@phil.uni-erlangen.de) Institute of Sociology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU),Germany February 2003

2. FENICs Female Employment and Family Formation in National Institutional Contexts „Segregation“ in the European and Scientific Context Political Argument:  The EU focused on various „gender gaps“:  Sex-specific occupational segregation  important reason for the wage-gap and women‘s lower occupational status. Scientific Argument:  Various problems as to the quality of data:  Debate on the question of measurement  no agreement about the amount of occupational segregation and their historical change over time.

3. FENICs Female Employment and Family Formation in National Institutional Contexts Theoretical and Methodological Concept Theoretical conceptmeasured by… used classification “Segregation": generic term which includes the aspects of… Sex-typing of occupations Standardised Index of Dissimilarity (D ST ) ISCO88 3-digit Sex-specific occupational chances Index of Dissimilarity (D)ISCO88 3-digit Sex-specific inequalities Aritmethic mean, variancesISEI 3-digit Used data-set: European Labour Force Survey (ELFS) for the years 1992-2000. Central variables: “hww”, "country", "sex", “education”, “ISCO88”, “ISEI”.

4. FENICs Female Employment and Family Formation in National Institutional Contexts Correlation between Dst und D  Country-Typology 2000 Source: ELFS, Zig-DHT4, own calculations

5. FENICs Female Employment and Family Formation in National Institutional Contexts Main hypotheses concerning the influence of different variables on the level of sex-typing and the occupational status of employees A reduction of working time increases the tendency to work in a „female-dominated“ occupation and reduces the attained occupational status. The tendencies described above can also be expected when the educational level is reduced. Both of these tendencies are strengthened for women (interaction effects).

6. FENICs Female Employment and Family Formation in National Institutional Contexts Main effects on the tendency to work in a „female- dominated“ occupation; ES, DE, UK and SE; 2000 Source: ELFS, Zig-DHT4, own calculations

7. FENICs Female Employment and Family Formation in National Institutional Contexts Main- and interaction effects on the tendency to work in a „female-dominated“ occupation; DE and ES; 2000 Source: ELFS, Zig-DHT4, own calculations

8. FENICs Female Employment and Family Formation in National Institutional Contexts Differences in occupational status of female working time groups in seven EU-Countries 2000: ISEI3 (arithm. mean) Source: ELFS, Zig-DHT4, own calculations

9. FENICs Female Employment and Family Formation in National Institutional Contexts Main Results I Dimension of sex-typing: Part- and marginal-time: In all countries the tendency to work in a „typical“ female occupation is strengthened (except of SE for marginal-time). Educational level: Division between countries: A reduction in education increases the tendency to work in a „typical“ female occupation in UK and DE, whereas education has nearly no effect in ES and SE. Sex: In all countries women tend to be more employed in „typical“ female occupations. The interaction effects increase the tendency described above (except of SE and UK for marginal-time)

10. FENICs Female Employment and Family Formation in National Institutional Contexts Main Results II Dimension of sex-specific inequalities: Part-time: Differentiation between countries: The average status of female part-timers is close to that of female full-time workers in DE, ES, FR and NL, whereas big differences exist between the status of female part- and full-time work in UK and SE. Marginal-time: leads in all countries to the lowest occupational status of women.