2. References 1-Gray’s anatomy 2-Human nervous system Noback 3- Basic clinical neuroanatomy Young 4- Head and neck anatomy Berkovitz 5- clinical neuroanatomy Snell

3. Anatomical division of nervous system  1- CNS brain and spinal cord  2- PNS peripheral nerves ganglions ganglions receptors receptors

6. Cells in this system 1- neuron 2-neuroglia A- Central neuroglia Macroglia (astrocyte,oligodendrocyte) Microglia Ependymal cells B- Peripheral neuroglia Schwann cells Satellite cells

8. Specialist cell 1- produce action potential 2- convey

10. central neuroglia  Macroglia (astrocyte,oligodendrocyte)  Microglia  Ependymal cells

14. Peripheral neuroglia  1- schwann cell  2- satellite cell

19. Function of this system

20. Embryology of the nervous system

28. Neural Tube Histogenesis

31. What is the identity of these two cells?

32. Three points about division of neural tube cells 1- Synchronise formation of neuronal and glial cells. 2- Continuous of glial division after stopping of neuronal cell division. 3- Early formation of large neuron in comparison with small neuron.

33. لایه پوشاننده لایه حاشیه ایی لایه اپاندیمی Formation of three layers in the thickness of NEURAL TUBE NEURAL TUBE

35. Neuronal cell migration  1- Gene activation  2- Epigenetic signals (mechanical or contact guidance)

36. Neuronal cell aggregation Morphological appearance Morphological appearance  NCAMs (nerve cell adhesion molecules)  N cadherin

38. Neuroblast differentiation  Apolar neuroblast  Bipolar neuroblast  Unipolar neuroblast  Multipolar neuroblast

41. Neuroblast differentiation Neurotrophic Factors Neurotrophic Factors  1- NGFs ( Nerve Growth Factors)  2- Outgrowth Promoting proteins ( Laminin, Netrin, Fibronectin) ( Laminin, Netrin, Fibronectin) 3-NCAMs 3-NCAMs

42. Cell Programmed Death Apoptosis Apoptosis 30 to 60 percent of cells survive 30 to 60 percent of cells survive

43. Effects of Experience and Activation on neurons Structural Plasticity Structural Plasticity Axonal sprouting Axonal sprouting Changes in the number of Dendritic Spines Changes in the number of Dendritic Spines Amblyopia Disease Amblyopia Disease

44. Reveiw

45. Formation of brain and spinal cord  1- Primary vesicles  2- Flexures

46. Midbrain or

47. Formation of brain and spinal cord  1- secondary vesicles

50. Ventricular spaces and central canal 1-Telencephalon------ lateral ventricals1&2 2-Diencephalon-------third ventricle 3-Mesencephalon----cerebral aqueduct 4- Rhombencephalon--- forth ventricle 5-Spinal cord----- central canal 6- in the end of spinal cord----- terminal ventricle Monro Foramen(interventricular F)

53. Neural crest derivates

56. Neural Tube Defects (NTDs) 1- Spina Bifida Oculta Meningocele Meningomyelocle cystica Rachischhisis

58. occulta meningocele meningomyelocelemyeloschesis

59. 10 %of normal people L5 or S1

61. Neural Tube Defects (NTDs) 1- Cranial Bifida Cranial Meningocele Meningoencephalocele Meningohydroencephalocele Anencephaly

62. Cranial Meningocele Meningoencephalocele Meningohydroencephalocele Cranial Bifida