2. Computer Crime By FUNG Wai-keung Hong Kong Police

3. Reliability of Computers Is Web banking reliable? Sample case Impact large enough to deter large corporations to migrate to e-banking\ Average bank robbery is $14,000 USD, whilst average Computer theft was more that $2M USD (Association of Certified Fraud Examiners) $ 2,000,000 Money

4. Profile of a cyber criminal crimes of concealment and deceit no violence required (A weakling ?) needs computer with a little skill college kids non organized no investment needed.

5. Traditional Enforcement Evidence used to be paper format, hard evidence - finger print, blood sample, witnesses

6. Present Evidence Electronic evidence inside a computer cyber-trail pursuance of crime across continents 0100110100101100

7. Phenomenal with Cyber Crime Against the culture to report the crime (Rape ?) Company reputation Victims don’t know they were robbed until sometime late in time.

8. Implications for Law Enforcement Pacing with technology (broadband, WAP …) Collecting cyber Intelligence (Non traditional) It is anachronism to testify new technology with outdated Laws from the past, Acceptance of Electronic evidence

9. Serious Cyber Crimes Cyber-terrorism Information warfare Infrastructure Attack Electronic Battlefield

10. Cyber-Terrorism In 1996 - Times of London reported several London financial institutions had paid over 400 M to fend off extortionist with logic bomb. Some of the proceeds went to Russia. No national border boundary

11. Information Warfare In 1994 - two hackers downed a computers in a Air Force Base in Rome N.Y. for 18 days Sensitive Defense projects with sensitive files were stolen Use ROME computers to attack NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center and other defence contractor’s computers

12. Information Warfare One was arrested in England All stolen data were still missing The victim estimated that their Defense systems were attacked about 250,000 times a year no secret as hackers attacked 130,000 U.S. government sites on 1.1 million hosts in 1997 (National institude of Standards and Technology)

13. Implications for Law Enforcement Gathering of evidence (Ethical problem - U.S. Electronic Communications Privacy Act), Transnational Time Constrain - legal issue

14. Implications for Law Enforcement Non standard interpretation of LAW (Gambling, terrorism - Traditional prerogatives of national sovereignty)

15. Common HK Cases Criminal Damage Obtaining Property by Deception Publishing Obscene Articles Cyberstalking Unauthorised Access to Computer

16. Case Study (March 1999)

17. Case Study (May 1999)

18. End