1. Unit 101 Java GUI Components and Events  GUI Components and Containers  Adding Components to Containers  GUI Events  GUI Events Classes  Learning Outcomes oDistinguish between GUI components and containers. oIdentify and distinguish top-level containers from other containers. oWrite simple programs to add components into containers. oExplain what Events are, and distinguish between Event sources, Event classes and Event listeners.

2. Unit 102 Introduction to Components A component is an object having a graphical representation that can be displayed on the screen. Example of components in a typical GUI include: buttons, text boxes, lables and pop-up menus

3. Unit 103 Introduction to Containers  A container is a special component that can hold other components. Example of containers in typical GUI applications include: opanels, windows, applets, frames Functionality of most GUI components derive from the Component and Container classes.

4. Unit 104 Anatomy of Top-level Containers Each top-level container has only one component, JRootPane. The root pane consists of three other containers: the layered, content and glass panes:

5. Unit 105 Anatomy of Top-level Containers (cont’d) The root pane has a glass pane on top and a layered pane underneath. The glass pane component is always painted last and appears on top of the content pane and menu bar. The layered pane consists of a menu bar and a content pane. A content pane is a Container that covers the visible area of a container. A content pane is automatically created for a newly created container. Components must be added to the content pane of a container. The content pane can be retrieved using the getContentPane method.

6. Unit 106 Anatomy of an Application GUI JPanel JButton JFrame JLabel GUI Internal structure JFrame JPanel JButtonJLabel containers

7. Unit 107 Frames Frame is a window that is not contained inside another window. Frame is the basis to contain other user interface components in Java GUI applications. The Frame class can be used to create windows. For Swing GUI programs, use JFrame class to create widows. import javax.swing.*; public class MyFrame { public static void main(String[] args) { JFrame frame = new JFrame("Test Frame"); frame.setSize(400, 300); frame.setVisible(true); // Add a button into the frame frame.getContentPane().add(new JButton("OK")); frame.setDefaultCloseOperation( JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); }

8. Unit 108 NOTE The content pane is a subclass of Container. The statement in the preceding slide can be replaced by the following two lines: Container container = frame.getContentPane(); container.add(new JButton("OK")); You may wonder how a Container object is created. It is created when a JFrame object is created. A JFrame object uses the content pane to hold components in the frame.

9. Unit 109 Centering Frames By default, a frame is displayed in the upper-left corner of the screen. To display a frame at a specified location, you can use the setLocation(x, y) method in the JFrame class. This method places the upper-left corner of a frame at location (x, y).

10. Unit 1010 Your First Swing Program Import Swing package –Import javax.swing.*; –java.awt.* and java.awt.event.* At least one top-level container –JFrame, JDialog, JApplet –JFrame frame = new JFrame(“HelloWorld”); –setVisible(true); pack(); Create Swing components and add to content pane of frame –JLabel label = new JLabel(“Hello World”); –frame.getContentPane().add(label);

11. Unit 1011 Your First Swing Program import javax.swing.*; public class HelloWorld extends JFrame { public HelloWorld() { JLabel label = new JLabel("HelloWorld!"); // add component to frame’s container getContentPane().add(label); // make frame visible setVisible(true); // resize if necessary pack(); } public static void main(String[] args) { // create the frame HelloWorld frame = new HelloWorld(); }

12. Unit 1012 Example 1: Very Simple Swing Demonstration import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; // not always necessary, but often included public class FirstSwingDemo { public static final int WIDTH = 300; public static final int HEIGHT = 200; public static void main(String[] args) { JFrame myWindow = new JFrame(); myWindow.setSize(WIDTH, HEIGHT); JLabel myLabel = new JLabel(“Please don’t click that button!”); myWindow.getContentPane().add(myLabel); WindowDestroyer myListener = new WindowDestroyer(); myWindow.addWindowListener(myListener); myWindow.setVisible(true); }

13. Unit 1013 Notes on the Simple Demo Program import javax.swing.*; public class FirstSwingDemo { public static final int WIDTH = 300; public static final int HEIGHT = 200; public static void main(String[] args) { JFrame myWindow = new JFrame(); myWindow.setSize(WIDTH, HEIGHT); JLabel myLabel = new JLabel(“Please don’t click…”); myWindow.getContentPane().add(myLabel); WindowDestroyer myListener = new WindowDestroyer(); myWindow.addWindowListener(myListener); myWindow.setVisible(true); } Used in all Swing programs Creates a JFrame window named myWindow Adds a label to the JFrame window—note use of getContentPane

14. Unit 1014 Notes on the Simple Demo Program import javax.swing.*; public class FirstSwingDemo { public static final int WIDTH = 300; public static final int HEIGHT = 200; public static void main(String[] args) { JFrame myWindow = new JFrame(); myWindow.setSize(WIDTH, HEIGHT); JLabel myLabel = new JLabel(“Please don’t click…”); myWindow.getContentPane().add(myLabel); WindowDestroyer myListener = new WindowDestroyer(); myWindow.addWindowListener(myListener); myWindow.setVisible(true); } Allows the program to respond to the event of a user clicking in the close box. WindowDestroyer is a programmer- defined class.

15. Unit 1015 The Window Destroyer Class public class WindowDestroyer extends WindowAdapter { public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) { System.exit(0); } WindowAdapter is a class that includes all the methods required for window events. When a window closing event occurs, this method will be called and the program will quit.

16. Unit 1016 The Results of the Simple Demo Program import javax.swing.*; public class FirstSwingDemo { public static final int WIDTH = 300; public static final int HEIGHT = 200; public static void main(String[] args) { JFrame myWindow = new JFrame(); myWindow.setSize(WIDTH, HEIGHT); JLabel myLabel = new JLabel(“Please don’t click…”); myWindow.getContentPane().add(myLabel); WindowDestroyer myListener = new WindowDestroyer(); myWindow.addWindowListener(myListener); myWindow.setVisible(true); } The window will not show up on the screen without a line like this one.

17. Unit 1017 Example 2: Creating Windows & Frames 1 import java.awt.*; import javax.swing.*; 2 public class TopLevelWindows{ 3 public static void main(String [] args){ 4 JFrame frame = new JFrame("My JFrame"); 5 frame.setLocation(100,100); 6 frame.setSize(300,300); 7 Container fcp = frame.getContentPane(); 8 JButton fb = new JButton("Draggable, Resizable Frame"); 9 fcp.add(fb); 10 11 JWindow window = new JWindow(); 12 window.setLocation(500,100); 13 window.setSize(300,300); 14 Container wcp = window.getContentPane(); 15 JButton wb = new JButton("Unmovable, No Frills Window"); 16 wcp.add(wb); 17 18 frame.setVisible(true); 19 window.setVisible(true); 20 } 21 }

18. Unit 1018 Example 3: Adding Components to Containers 1 import java.awt.*; 2 import javax.swing.*; 3 public class AddingComponents extends JFrame{ 4 5 JButton button = new JButton("Press Me"); 6 JLabel label = new JLabel( "Running Total:"); 7 JTextField textField = new JTextField(10); 8 Container cp = getContentPane(); 9 10 public AddingComponents() { 11 super("A Container With Components"); 12 setSize(300,100); 13 cp.setLayout(new FlowLayout()); 14 cp.add(label); 15 cp.add(textField); 16 cp.add (button); 17 setVisible(true); 18 } 19 public static void main(String args []) { 20 new AddingComponents(); 21 } 22 }

19. Unit 1019 Introduction to GUI Events We will now discuss how components and containers communicate. When a user interacts with a GUI component, events are triggered. An event is an action triggered by the user or by some other means. For example, we may want our program to perform some action when the following occurs: –The mouse is moved –A mouse button is clicked –The mouse is dragged –A graphical button is clicked –A keyboard key is pressed –A timer expires When an event is triggered an event object is created and delivered to the event receivers. Execution of these kinds of programs is driven by users’ activation of events. Event classes, event sources and event listeners are three groups of Java classes crucial for event-driven programming.

20. Unit 1020 Events and Listeners Generator This object may generate an event Listener This object waits for and responds to an event Event When an event occurs, the generator calls the appropriate method of the listener, passing an object that describes the event. The Java standard class library contains several classes that represent typical events Certain objects, such as an applet or a graphical button, generate (fire) an event when it occurs Other objects, called listeners, respond to events We can write listener objects to do whatever we want when an event occurs

21. Unit 1021 Listener Interfaces We can create a listener object by writing a class that implements a particular listener interface. The Java standard class library contains several interfaces that correspond to particular event categories. The MouseListener interface contains methods that correspond to mouse events After creating the listener, we add the listener to the component that might generate the event to set up a formal relationship between the generator and listener. The following are called key events: –key pressed: a keyboard key is pressed down –key released: a keyboard key is released –key typed: a keyboard key is pressed and released The KeyListener interface handles key events Listener classes are often implemented as inner classes, nested within the component that they are listening to.

22. Unit 1022 Mouse Events The following are mouse events: –mouse pressed: the mouse button is pressed down –mouse released: the mouse button is released –mouse clicked: the mouse button is pressed and released –mouse entered: the mouse pointer is moved over a particular component –mouse exited: the mouse pointer is moved off of a particular component The following are called mouse motion events: –mouse moved: the mouse is moved –mouse dragged: the mouse is moved while the mouse button is held down There is a corresponding MouseMotionListener interface One class can serve as both a generator and a listener One class can serve as a listener for multiple event types

23. Unit 1023 Events Classes Hierarchy Event classes represent events and contain methods for getting information on the events. Here is the class hierarchy for events classes:

24. Unit 1024 Events Source Classes An event source is the component that generates an event. A source must register listeners who may wish to take some action when the event is generated. When an event occurs the source informs all registered listeners for this event. An event listener can register or un-register with the following methods: 1. public void addTypeListener(TypeListener t) button.addActionListener(new ActionListener(); 2. public void removeTypeListener (TypeListener t) button.removeActionListener(new ActionListener(); Type is the name of the event and t is a reference to the event listener.

25. Unit 1025 Events Listener Classes The java.awt.event package contains interfaces and classes for dealing with events. Each listener interface is a specification for receiving a particular type of event. An event listener class implements the listener interfaces of interest to the class. Every event handler should satisfy these two conditions: 1. Implement an interface. 2. Register as event listener.

26. Unit 1026 Types of Listeners ActionListener KeyListener, MouseListener, MouseMotionListener, TextListener AdjustmentListener, ComponentListener, ContainerListener, FocusListener, WindowListener Listeners are Interfaces.

27. Unit 1027 Events: A Pictorial View

28. Unit 1028 Mohamed ICS Student Data EntryForm

29. Unit 1029 import java.awt.*; public class EntryForm { private Frame frame; private Button enterBtn; private TextField nameTxf; private TextField majorTxf; private TextField gpaTxf; private TextField creditsTxf; // constructor public EntryForm () { Student Data EntryForm

30. Unit 1030 // create components frame = new Frame ("Student Data Entry Form"); nameTxf = new TextField (20); majorTxf = new TextField (20); gpaTxf = new TextField (3); creditsTxf = new TextField (3); enterBtn = new Button ("Enter"); // add components to frame frame.setLayout (new FlowLayout()); frame.add (new Label ("Name")); frame.add (nameTxf); frame.add (new Label ("Major")); Student Data EntryForm

31. Unit 1031 frame.add (majorTxf); frame.add (new Label ("GPA")); frame.add (gpaTxf); frame.add (new Label ("Credits")); frame.add (creditsTxf); frame.add (enterBtn); // show frame frame.pack(); frame.setVisible (true); } // end of constructor } // end of class public class EntryFormApp { // main program public static void main (String[] args) { new EntryForm(); }} Student Data EntryForm

32. Unit 1032 Exercises 1.The Panel, Window and JComponent class each subclasses Component class. Write down the similarities and differences between these classes in a tabular form. 2.Write down in tabular form the similarities and differences between top-level components and other GUI components. 3.Write a Java program to display three frames as follows. The top-left corner of the second frame should have the same coordinates as the bottom-right corner of the first frame. Similarly, the top-left corner of the third frame should have the same coordinates as the bottom-right corner of the second frame. 4.Run the program in Example 2. Try resizing the window and watch how the components placements change. Modify this program by adding four more buttons. Remove the setSize method call and replace it with the call to the pack method. Re-run the program and notice the output. 5.Write short notes on a. Event classes b. Event sources c. Event listeners