1. School of Computing Science CMT1000 Ed Currie © Middlesex University 1 CMT1000: Introduction to Programming Ed Currie Lecture 5B: Branch Statements - Making Choices

2. School of Computing Science CMT1000 Ed Currie © Middlesex University 2 Overview  Making Choices  Conditional expressions  2-branch conditionals

3. School of Computing Science CMT1000 Ed Currie © Middlesex University 3 A Problem Students have been given their grades (out of 100) and need to know whether they have passed (scored more than 40). Write a program that asks them for their mark and then tells them whether they have passed.

4. School of Computing Science CMT1000 Ed Currie © Middlesex University 4 A Plan 1. Ask the student for their mark 2. If it is greater than the pass mark then tell them they have passed. Otherwise tell them they have failed. 3. Thank them for using the system

5. School of Computing Science CMT1000 Ed Currie © Middlesex University 5 public static void passOrFail () { int mark; String numStr; numStr = JOptionPane.showInputDialog( "What is the mark?: " ); // convert from String to int mark = Integer.parseInt(numStr); if (mark > 40) JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Passed"); else JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Failed"); JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Bye"); }

6. School of Computing Science CMT1000 Ed Currie © Middlesex University 6 Semantics Pass mark?

7. School of Computing Science CMT1000 Ed Currie © Middlesex University 7 Exercise Write a program that inputs 2 values from the user and prints out the largest.

8. School of Computing Science CMT1000 Ed Currie © Middlesex University 8 Plan Input 2 values from the user if the first is largest then Print it. Otherwise Print the second.

9. School of Computing Science CMT1000 Ed Currie © Middlesex University 9 Boolean Expressions  We previously saw integer expressions e.g.,(a + 5) * 7  They evaluate to an integer value e.g.,-5, 0, 1, 42 …  A boolean expression is one which evaluates to a boolean value  true or false eg mark>40 count<100 m>(n+5)*2

10. School of Computing Science CMT1000 Ed Currie © Middlesex University 10 Relational Operators  Boolean expressions are made from the relational operators < less than 5<6 > greater than m>n <= less than or equal 5<=(a+1) >= greater than or equal a>=7 == equals (a+1)==(b+1) != not equals 5 !=6  Their operands are integer values

11. School of Computing Science CMT1000 Ed Currie © Middlesex University 11 Operator Precedence  Precedence determines the order that operations are evaluated  Like the “School” rule evaluate times before plus  Where are the invisible brackets?  The order is as below 0. () 1. * / % 2. + - 3. >= e.g. count + 6 < 8*b is evaluated as (count +6)< (8*b)

12. School of Computing Science CMT1000 Ed Currie © Middlesex University 12 If either branch of an if..then..else contains more than one statement then curly brackets are needed on that branch. (Compound statement) char result; if (mark>40) result = ‘P’; else { result = ‘F’; System.out.println(”Try again!"); }

13. School of Computing Science CMT1000 Ed Currie © Middlesex University 13 Layout What does this program fragment do? mark = 25; b = 4; c = 5; if (mark>40) a = b; else a = c; b = c;

14. School of Computing Science CMT1000 Ed Currie © Middlesex University 14 A Plan Get a mark from the user. If the mark is greater than 80 then The grade is A. Otherwise If the mark is greater than 60 then The grade is B. Otherwise If the mark is greater than 40 then The grade is C. Otherwise The grade is FAIL

15. School of Computing Science CMT1000 Ed Currie © Middlesex University 15 int mark; char grade; if (mark > 80) grade = ‘A’; else if (mark > 60) grade = ‘B’; else if (mark > 40) grade = ‘C’; else grade = ‘F’;

16. School of Computing Science CMT1000 Ed Currie © Middlesex University 16 Nesting Layout Note how this layout ‘creeps’ across the screen! An alternative way of laying out nested if statements which is sometimes clearer is as follows: if (mark > 80) grade = ‘A’; else if (mark > 60) grade = ‘B’; else if (mark > 40) grade = ‘C’; else grade = ‘F’;

17. School of Computing Science CMT1000 Ed Currie © Middlesex University 17 Layout Indent each branch of an if....then by the same amount With nested ifs, be consistent with indentation style. Put a blank line before and after each if statement to separate it out.

18. School of Computing Science CMT1000 Ed Currie © Middlesex University 18 Problem Write a program which inputs 2 values, storing the larger in variable a and the smaller in variable b.

19. School of Computing Science CMT1000 Ed Currie © Middlesex University 19 Solution Plan 1. Input value 1 into a. 2. Input value 2 into b. 3. if a is the largest then leave them alone else swap them round

20. School of Computing Science CMT1000 Ed Currie © Middlesex University 20 public static void largeSmall () { int a, b; String numStr; // Get the numbers numStr = JOptionPane.showInputDialog( ”Integer to go in a?: " ); a = Integer.parseInt(numStr); numStr = JOptionPane.showInputDialog( ”Integer to go in b?: " ); b = Integer.parseInt(numStr);

21. School of Computing Science CMT1000 Ed Currie © Middlesex University 21 if (a > b) JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "a is already larger than b”); else //swap them round { int t; t = a; a = b; b = t; JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "a is now larger than b”); }

22. School of Computing Science CMT1000 Ed Currie © Middlesex University 22 Local Declarations Wherever you put {} you can make local declarations of variables. The variables will only exist within the {....} –You cannot refer to them outside This helps avoid mistakes –changing a value unintentionally at the wrong point in the program. Local Declarations are GOOD; always declare variables as locally as possible

23. School of Computing Science CMT1000 Ed Currie © Middlesex University 23 Problem A student must pass both the coursework and exam to pass a module. Write a program to input the 2 marks and say if the student passed.

24. School of Computing Science CMT1000 Ed Currie © Middlesex University 24 A plan Input the 2 marks If (mark1 >= 40) If mark2 >= 40 Pass Otherwise Fail Otherwise Fail

25. School of Computing Science CMT1000 Ed Currie © Middlesex University 25 A different plan Input the 2 marks If mark1 >= 40 AND mark2 >= 40 then PASS otherwise FAIL

26. School of Computing Science CMT1000 Ed Currie © Middlesex University 26 In Java if (mark1 >= 40) && (mark2 >= 40) System.out.println(”Passed”); else System.out.println(”Failed”);

27. School of Computing Science CMT1000 Ed Currie © Middlesex University 27 The Logical Connectives Used to combine boolean expressions into larger boolean expressions &&AND(a 3) ||OR(a==l) || (b==5) !NOT!(a==l)&&(b==2)

28. School of Computing Science CMT1000 Ed Currie © Middlesex University 28 Precedence 1. () 2. ! 3.* / % 4. + - 5. >= 6. ++ != 7. && 8. ||

29. School of Computing Science CMT1000 Ed Currie © Middlesex University 29 Summary Decisions are made using if..else Either the true branch or the false branch is executed –depending on the value of a test –a boolean expression Boolean expressions are made from relational operators

30. School of Computing Science CMT1000 Ed Currie © Middlesex University 30 Summary (continued) If a branch has a single statement –then {} can be omitted –but be careful! Ifs can be nested –layout is then very important Local declarations can be made within compound statements Logical connectives often remove the need for multiple ifs.