2. Flare-related current systems H. S. Hudson & B. T. Welsch Space Sciences Lab, UC Berkeley

3. U. of Glasgow Jan. 8, 2007 A breakthrough: reliable observations of before/after fields (Sudol & Harvey 2005) confirm that permanent changes of the photospheric magnetic field can be detected systematically for essentially all X-class solar flares (cf H.Wang, Kosovichev & Zharkova, Cameron & Sammis). How do we exploit this phenomenon with the new and better data from Hinode, SDO, ATST etc?

4. U. of Glasgow Jan. 8, 2007 Background information Solar structure: interior, ?, corona, ?, solar wind The forces on an MHD fluid J vs B Coronal restructuring: ideal vs. dissipative Piddington, from Gold (1961) Solar interior theory: Mixing-length theory Thin flux tube approximation (Spruit 1981 & references)

5. U. of Glasgow Jan. 8, 2007 Tachocline Photosphere Base of solar wind Base of corona

6. U. of Glasgow Jan. 8, 2007 H. Wang, 1993 First clear evidence for flare-associated field changes?

7. U. of Glasgow Jan. 8, 2007 GONG SOHO/MDI B dB Sudol & Harvey (2005), flare of 2003 Oct. 29, line-of-sight field differences

8. U. of Glasgow Jan. 8, 2007 Flare of 2001 Aug. 25 GONG + TRACE 1600A Other examples with GOES times The changes are stepwise, of order 10% of the line-of-sight field, and primarily occur at the impulsive phase of the flare

9. U. of Glasgow Jan. 8, 2007 Where does the flare energy come from? McClymont & Fisher 1989 Mechanical sources of flare energy: how to drive the coronal current system? Surface dynamo action on photospheric field Deep-seated dynamo action Energy supply via flux emergence Unknown physics in upper convection zone What theoretical tools are available? Flux transport in convection zone via thin fluxtube approximation Mixing-length theory Numerical simulation

10. U. of Glasgow Jan. 8, 2007 Large-scale numerical simulations? Problem areas - Reconnection vs. ideal MHD instability - Problem of modeling the chromosphere - Lack of correct treatment of reconnection Current status - Steady progress - Nothing yet that has predictive capability

11. U. of Glasgow Jan. 8, 2007 Courtesy Yuhong Fan, Dec. 2006 Notes: (1) This simulation has strong magnetic reconnection. A kink-driven eruption would have a different current pattern. (2) The simulation has no realistic chromosphere, so the current patterns are merely illustrative at this time. (3) The simulation does not connect one equilibrium state with another.

12. U. of Glasgow Jan. 8, 2007 Courtesy Török & Kliem Notes: (1) This simulation shows a kink instability. (2) The simulation has no realistic chromosphere, so the current patterns are merely illustrative at this time. (3) The simulation does not connect one equilibrium state with another.

13. U. of Glasgow Jan. 8, 2007 Giovanelli (1948) Gold & Hoyle (1961) Longcope & Noonan (2000) Anzer & Pneuman (1982) A Cartoon Potpourri http://solarmuri.ssl.berkeley.edu/~hhudson/cartoons/ Priest & Milne (1980) Hudson (2000)

14. U. of Glasgow Jan. 8, 2007 Prediction of Hinode B variation* (B -> B+B 1 during flare) *HSH only, not necessarily agreed upon by BTW I z = constant (Melrose) Curl(B) z = Curl(B + B 1 ) z = constant Difference B 1 is a potential-like field dB x /dy + dB y /dx = 0 at photosphere Three data analysis DON’Ts: 1)Don’t differentiate data 2)Don’t blithely use running means 3)Don’t spline raw data

15. U. of Glasgow Jan. 8, 2007 Conclusions The pattern of field changes may make it possible to identify the physics of flare causation and energy supply There are gaps in our knowledge of convection-zone physics We should encourage predictions of the imminent Hinode observations of vector field displacements

16. U. of Glasgow Jan. 8, 2007 End Thanks for discussion and input: Yuhong Fan, George Fisher, Bernhard Kliem, Dan Spicer

17. U. of Glasgow Jan. 8, 2007 What’s needed Hinode is here; SDO and ATST are coming. We need predictions from theories and models of magnetic restructuring FASR also can make precise before/after comparisons of the coronal field but in a different way My preference is for a before/after magnetic constraint that reflects the persistence of vertical currents, but…

18. U. of Glasgow Jan. 8, 2007 McClymont & Fisher, 1989 (Geophysical Monograph 54)

19. U. of Glasgow Jan. 8, 2007 Coronal inductive energy storage Melrose, 1997

20. U. of Glasgow Jan. 8, 2007 Choe & Cheng 2002 ApJL 574, 179 …Questioning the Aly conjecture