1. XJoin: Getting Fast Answers From Slow and Bursty Networks T. Urhan M. J. Franklin IACS, CSD, University of Maryland Presented by: Abdelmounaam Rezgui CS-TR-3994

2. The Problem How to improve the interactive performance of queries over widely distributed data sources ? 2

3. RS Tuples 3 The Problem Source BSource A

4. Why is the response-time unpredictable ? Remote sources Intermediate sites Communication links Overloading Congestion Failures are vulnerable to  { 4  Significant and unpredictable delays  Unresponsive and unusable systems

5. Different classes of delays Initial delay: a longer than expected wait to receive the first tuple. Slow delivery: data arrive at a fairly constant but slower than expected rate. Bursty arrival: bursts of data followed by long periods of no arrivals. 5

6. Some Join variants Nested Loops Join Block Nested Loops Join Index Nested Loops Join Sort-Merge Join Classic Hash Join Simple Hash Join Grace Hash Join Hybrid Hash Join (HHJ) TID Hash Join Symmetric Hash Join (SHJ) XJoin 6

7. Query Scrambling reacts to data delivery pbs. by on-the-fly rescheduling of query operators and restructuring of the query execution plan. 7 improve the response time for the entire query may slow down the return of some initial results To be presented on November 22, 1999

8. Traditional query processing techniques Reduce the memory requirements Reduce Disk I/O Delivery of the entire query result (on-line users would like to receive initial results asap.) Slow and bursty delivery of data from remote sources can stall query execution. 8

9. XJoin: Fundamental principles improves the interactive performance by producing results incrementally (as they become available) allows progress to be made even when one or more sources experience delays (delays are exploited to produce more tuples earlier) 9

10. XJoin : The key idea When inputs are delayed  run a background processing on the previously received results 10

11. Managing the flow of tuples between memory and secondary storage. Controlling the background processing. Full answer (all the tuples are produced). No duplicate tuples are generated. XJoin : The challenges 11

12. SHJoin (Symmetric Hash Join) Hash table 2 Matching Hash table 1 Source 2 Source 1 12

13. SHJoin requires: 13 Hash tables for both of its inputs be memory resident.  Unacceptable for complex queries.

14. XJoin 14 Partioning: each input is partitioned into a number of partitions based on a hash function. each partition i of source A, P iA : P iA = MP iA  DP iA MP iA  DP iA = 

15. D I S K Tuple B hash(Tuple B) = n SOURCE-B Memory-resident partitions of source B... k1 n flush Disk-resident partitions of source B... Disk-resident partitions of source A Memory-resident partitions of source A...... 1 SOURCE-A M E M O R Y... n 1n1kn 15 Tuple A hash(Tuple A) = 1

16. hash(record B) = j Partitions of source B......... ii M E M O R Y j 16 Stage 1: Memory-to-memory Joins Partitions of source A j SOURCE-B Tuple B SOURCE-A Tuple A hash(record A) = i......... insert probe Output

17. Partitions of source BPartitions of source A M E M O R Y i....... i i D I S K i Output 17 Stage 2: Disk-to-memory Joins....... Partitions of source BPartitions of source A..... DP iA MP iB

18. 18 Stage 3: Clean-up Stage 1 fails to join tuples that were not in the memory at the same time. Stage 2 fails to join two tuples if one of them is not in the memory when the other is brought from the disk. Stage 3 joins all the partitions (memory- resident and disk-resident portions) of the two sources.

19. 19 Handling duplicates Timestamps Tuple X ATSDTS Example Tuple X99235 Counter 51

20. 20 Detecting tuples joined in the 1st stage Tuple A102234 Tuple B1178198 Tuples joined in the first stage DTSATS Overlapping Tuple A102234 Tuple B2348601 Tuples not joined in the first stage DTSATS Non-Overlapping

21. 21 Detecting tuples joined in the 2nd stage Tuple A DTS 20340250550300700 100200 ATS ProbeTS DTS last Tuple B DTS 100300800900 500600 ATS Overlap History list for the corresponding partitions

22. 22 Optimization 1: Adding a cache Stage 2 joins DP iA and MP iB Tuples of DP iA are discarded after use. The idea: retain some tuples of DP iA (cached)  Could be used by a subsequent run of stage 2 joining DP iB and MP iA

23. 23 i... i i i i CACHE Partitions of Source B Partitions of Source A i... i i i i CACHE Partitions of Source B Partitions of Source A MEMORY DISK probe insert Output Partitions of Source B Partitions of Source A Second run of stage 2First run of stage 2 probe

24. 24 Optimization 2: Controlling Stage 2 Overhead incured by Stage 2 is hidden only when both inputs experience delays  Reduce the aggressiveness of Stage 2  Dynamic activation threshold (e. g., 0.01 0.02)

25. Experiment Environment 25 PREDATOR, an Object-Relational DBMS Xjoin operator added. Query optimizer extended to: account for XJoin. provide some of the statistics and calculations required by XJoin.

26. Arrival Patterns 2 have been chosen: Fig. 1: Bursty arrival. Avg. Rate: 23.5 KB/s Fig. 2: Fast arrival. Avg. Rate: 129.6 KB/s 26

27. 100 000 tuple Wisconsin benchmark relations. each tuple: 288 bytes Unique unclustered integer join attribute Result cardinality: 100 000. Sun Ultra 5 WS: –Solaris 2.6 –128 MB of real memory –Disk space (approx.): 4 GB –Disk & Memory pages: 8 KB Storage manager buffer size: 800 KB 27

28. Results Experiment 1 Basic performance of XJoin Memory space allocated to the join operators: 3 MB. Input relations: 28.8 MB each Activation threshold (of stage 2): 0.01 4 delay scenarios 28

29. 29

30. Case 1: Slow Network Both sources are slow XJoin improves the delivery time of initial answers. The reactive background processing is an effective solution to exploit delays. The use of cache can further improve performance. 30

31. Case 2: Mixed Network Slow build/Fast probe Fast build/Slow probe XJoin variants perform better. (/Case 1) XJoins with the 2nd Stage perform better. 31

32. XJoin variants deliver initial results earlier. HHJ delivers the 2nd half of the result faster than XJoin-NoCache and XJoin. XJoin-No2nd delivers the last 60 % of the result faster than the other XJoin variants. 32 Case 3: Fast Network Both sources are fast

33. 33 Experiment 2 : Controlling the 2nd stage improves inter. perf. with slow and bursty data sources. degrades the overall response-time in the case of fast/reliable sources. Fig. 7: Slow relations. Fig. 8: Fast relations.

34. Stage 2 should be employed less aggressively (less often). A dynamic activation threshold.  34

35. XJoin-Dyn aggressive in the early stages of the query. becomes less aggressive as more of the results are produced. starts with a low activation treshold (0.01) and then linearly increases it to 0.02. 35

36. 36 Experiment 3 : the effect of memory size Recall ! The prime motivation for designing XJoin was the huge memory requirements of the symmetric hash join. XJoin reduces the memory requirements but adds overhead (disk I/O & duplicate detection).

37. Size of the input relations: 8.6 MB. 3 different memory allocations: - 3 MB (neither of the inputs fit into the memory) - 10 MB (one input fits into the memory) - 20 MB (both inputs fit into the memory) Fig. 9: Slow Network, Varying memory Fig. 10: Fast Network, Varying memory 37

38. XJoin performs better both in: - interactive performance - completion time. 38

39. Experiment 4 : impact of query complexity 2 to 6 relations (1 to 5 joins) 3 MB to each join operator Fig. 11. Tuple production rates of XJoin and HHJ (secs) - Slow Network 39

40. Experiment 4 : impact of query complexity Fig. 12. Tuple production rates of XJoin and HHJ (secs) - Fast Network 40 XJoin delivers the initial results faster

41. XJoin An effective query processing technique for providing fast query responses to users in the presence of slow and bursty remote sources. 41 Conclusions

42. lowers the memory requirements (partitioning) improves the interactive performance. reacts to delays and takes advantage of silent periods to produce more tuples faster. 42

43. What de you think about PJoin A Multithreaded Parallel XJoin Using the Cilk Language ? 43 Perspectives