1. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 1 Projected Changes: Prospect of digitized movies already has some mourning loss of film (SF Chronicle, 3/5/00)

2. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 2 Video Technology to Make the Head Spin (NYT 3/2/00)

3. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 3 ECI - Hole in Space (both)

4. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 4 ECI - 84-locations

5. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 5 ECI - 84-Community Memory

6. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 6 ECI - 84-MOCA

7. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 7 ECI - Avatars & Humans

8. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 8 ECI - Avatar Stage

9. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 9 Complexity of Rich Media _ Works often have artistic nature (including video games) _ Enormous number of elements can, at times, be very important to preserve (pacing, original artifact, elements used to construct the artifact) _ Too complex to save every one of these aspects for every type of material _ Importance of saving documentation

10. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 10 Rich Media Technologies _ Streaming media vs. Downloaded files _ Bandwidth and compression _ Need to offload functions onto clients

11. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 11 The Inter-relation Problem  -Info is increasingly inter-related to other info  -How do we make our own Info persist when it points to and integrates with Info owned by others?  -What is the boundary of a set of information (or even of a digital object)?

12. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 12 The Translation Problem  Content translated into new delivery devices changes meaning – -A photo vs. a painting – -If Info is produced originally in digital form in one encoded format, will it be the same when translated into another format? – Behaviors

13. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 13 Problems of Rich Media _ Complexity of formats (storage & compression) _ Synchronicity between media/streams _ Pieces and Boundaries _ Persistent IDs _ Interactivity _ Historical context _ Content _ Recontextualization (Postmodernism)

14. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 14 Opportunities--a scenario _ Huge stable online DB of rich media (Prelinger Archives) _ Creators create new works that consist mainly of links to and transitions btwn pieces of the rich media DB _ Works are not really assembled until run-time _ Securing IP permission may shift from capital-intensive producer to end-user _ Economics of media production may change drastically

15. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 15 Structural Metadata for Complex Objects- _ MPEG 4 _ SMIL

16. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 16 Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL) _ For repurposing and reuse in different ways _ Use XML to reference various pieces in different ways _ Supported by Realmedia but not Microsoft or Macromedia

17. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 17 MPEG 4 _ Object-oriented _ Very low level of granularity (even objects vs backgrounds) _ Scaleable bandwidth use _ Binary Format for Scenes (BIFS) borrows concepts from VRML

18. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 18 Indexing of Moving Image Materials _ Whole works vs. parts of Works _ MPEG 7 _ Approaches to segmentation & thumbnail representation _ Closed caption indexing _ Audio description indexing _ Semiotics

19. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 19 Other Types of Metadata- _ Longevity _ Identification/Provenance _ Rights Management

20. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 20 The Short Life of Digital Info: Digital Longevity Problems-  Disappearing Information  The Viewing Problem  The Scrambling Problem  The Inter-relation Problem  The Custodial Problem  The Translation Problem

21. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 21 The Viewing Problem  Digital Info requires a whole infrastructure to view it  Each piece of that infrastructure is changing at an incredibly rapid rate  How can we ever hope to deal with all the permutations and combinations

22. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 22 The Scrambling Problem Dangers from:  Compression to ease storage & delivery  Container Architecture to enhance digital commerce

23. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 23 The Inter-relation Problem  -Info is increasingly inter-related to other info  -How do we make our own Info persist when it points to and integrates with Info owned by others?  -What is the boundary of a set of information (or even of a digital object)?

24. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 24 The Custodial Problem  How do we decide what to save?  Who should save it?  How should they save it? – -methods for later access: emulation, migration, etc. – -issues of authenticity and evidence

25. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 25 The Translation Problem  Content translated into new delivery devices changes meaning – -A photo vs. a painting – -If Info is produced originally in digital form in one encoded format, will it be the same when translated into another format? – Behaviors

26. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 26 Pieces of the Solution (1/2)  -We need to insist upon clearly readable standardized ways for digital objects to self- identify their formats  -We should discourage scrambling  -We need to better understand information inter-relates to other Info, and what constitutes “boundaries” of Info objects

27. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 27 Pieces of the Solution (2/2)  -People and organizations wishing to make information persist need guidelines of how to go about doing it  -We need to better understand how translating from one storage or display format to another affects the meaning of a work  -We need to save the “behaviors” of a digital object, not just it’s “contents”

28. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 28 Metadata can be the first line of defense  Can tell you – where the file is (if you can’t find the file) – where more info about the file is (if you have the file but most other metadata has become separated) – what the file format is – what the compression scheme is – what application program and version is needed for the file

29. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 29 Groups Working on the Big Longevity Problem http://sunsite.Berkeley.EDU/Imaging/Databases/Longevity/  CPA Task Force  CPA Study Group  Getty “Time & Bits” Conference-  Internet Archive  Long Now

30. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 30 Migration/Refreshing  Impact on evidential value

31. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 31 Emerging Standards for Complex Works _ Howard Besser _ UCLA School of Education & Information _ http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/~howard/image-meta.html _ http://sunsite.Berkeley.EDU/moa2/  http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/~howard/Classes/287-moving.html  http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/~howard/Classes/287-mov-index-bib.html _ http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/~howard/Metadata/UC-May00/ _ http://www.getty.edu/gri/standard/intrometadata/ _ http://sunsite.Berkeley.EDU/Imaging/Databases/#standards _ http://sunsite.Berkeley.EDU/Longevity/ _ http://www.ifla.org/II/metadata.htm _ http://purl.oclc.org/metadata/dublin_core/ _ http://purl.oclc.org/corc/ _ http://lcweb.loc.gov/ead/ _ http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Metadata/sp2000.html

32. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 32 Data Structures: The VRA Core  28 elements specifically for visual resource collections  Work Description Categories-  Visual Document Description Categories-  http://www.oberlin.edu/~art/vra/dsc.html

33. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 33 VRA Core: Work Description Categories  Work type  Title  Measurements  Material  Technique  Creator  Role  Date  Repository name  Repository place _ Repository number _ Current site _ Original site _ Style/period/group/movem ent _ Nationality/culture _ Subject _ Related work _ Relationship type _ Notes

34. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 34 VRA Core: Visual Document Description Categories  Visual document type  Visual document format  Visual document measurements  Visual document date  Visual document owner  Visual document owner number  Visual document view description  Visual document subject  Visual document source

35. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 35 Thesaurus for Graphic Materials  designed for subject indexing of pictorial materials, particularly large general collections of historical images  for cataloging and retrieval  good for general audiences and broad approaches to the material  TGM-I: Subject Terms & TGM-II: Genre and Physical Characteristic Terms  http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/print/tgm/toc.html

36. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 36 AAT  120,000 terms  for describing objects, textual materials, images, architecture, and material culture from antiquity to present  large and complex  http://www.getty.edu/gri/vocabularies/

37. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 37 ULAN  name authority  http://www.getty.edu/gri/vocabularies/

38. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 38 Thesaurus of Geographic Names  over 1 million records  hierarchical and global  throughout history  most records include coordinates and descriptive notes

39. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 39 Semantics/Syntax/Structure _ Semantics – meaning, as defined by a community to meet their particular needs (DC) _ Syntax – a systematic arrangement of data elements for machine processing – facilitates the exchange and use of metadata among various applications (HTML, XML, RDF) _ Structure – a formal arrangement of the syntax with the goal of consistent representation of the semantics (rules defining field contents like 1/11/99)

40. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 40 Metadata Mapping-  Crosswalks  Resource Description Framework (RDF)

41. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 41 Crosswalks  mapping btwn differing metadata structures  eliminate the need for monolithic, universally adopted standards  focus on flexibility and interoperatiblity  RDF-based metadata registries

42. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 42 Crosswalk Example

43. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 43 Resource Description Framework (RDF, spec released 2/99) _ W3C Metadata activity _ designed to move the Web beyond simple links to semantically-rich relationships btwn resources _ metadata application using XML as a common syntax for exchange and processing _ flexible architecture for managing diverse application- specific metadata packets that can be processed by machines _ associates resources, property types, and corresponding values _ http://www.w3.org/RDF/

44. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 44 RDF _ Resources (character strings, names, digital objects) _ Property (“is the author of”) _ Value _ resources+properties=relationships _ many different relationships can be reflected

45. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 45 XML-encoded RDF _ _ Howard Besser _

46. Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 46