1. Specification of Realizable Service Conversations Using Collaboration Diagrams Tevfik Bultan Department of Computer Science University of California, Santa Barbara bultan@cs.ucsb.edu Xiang Fu School of Computer and Information Science Georgia Southwestern State University xfu@canes.gsw.edu

2. Outline Modeling Service Interactions as Conversations Specification of Conversations Using Collaboration Diagrams Realizability of Collaboration Diagrams

3. Characteristics of Web Services Loosely coupled, interaction through standardized interfaces Standardized data transmission via XML Asynchronous messaging Platform independent (.NET, J2EE) Data Type Interface Behavior (Orchestration) Message BPEL4WS Web Service Standards Implementation Platforms Microsoft.Net, Sun J2EE WSDL SOAP XML Schema XML WS-CDL Interaction (Choreography)

4. Service Interactions One of the main goals of service oriented computing is to facilitate integration and composition of services Modeling, specifying and analyzing interactions among services are crucial problems that need to be addressed in order to achieve this goal Different service developers that want their services to take part in a composition have to agree on how services will interact with each other Web Service-Choreography Description Language (WS-CDL) –WS-CDL specifications describe “peer-to-peer collaborations of Web Services participants by defining, from a global viewpoint, their common and complementary observable behavior; where ordered message exchanges result in accomplishing a common business goal.”

5. An Example Assume four peers (individual services): –Customer, Store, CDSupplier, BookSupplier Workflow: –Customer sends an order to the Store –Store checks the availability of the CDs and the books in the order by sending a cdInquiry message to CDSupplier and a book Inquiry message to BookSupplier –CDSupplier and BookSupplier send the cdAvailability and bookAvailibility back to the Store –Store sends orderReply to the Customer

6. A Model for Composite Web Services A composite web service consists of –a finite set of peers Customer, Store, CDSupplier, BookSupplier –and a finite set of messages Customer  Store: order Store  CDSupplier: cdInquiry Store  BookSupplier: bookInquiry CDSupplier  Store: cdAvailability BookSupplier  Store: bookAvailability Store  Customer: orderReply

7. Communication Model We assume that the messages among the peers are exchanged using reliable and asynchronous messaging –FIFO and unbounded message queues This model is similar to industry efforts such as –JMS (Java Message Service) –MSMQ (Microsoft Message Queuing Service) order CustomerStore order

8. Questions and Challenges Questions –How do we model the global interaction behavior? –How do we make sure that the global behavior is implemented faithfully by the services that participate to the composition? Challenges –Distributed nature, no central control –Asynchronous communication

9. Modeling Interactions as Conversations A conversation is the global sequence of messages recorded in the order they are sent [Bultan, Fu, Hull, Su WWW’03] Conversation order Customer CDStore Store cdInquiryorder cdInquirycdAvailability …

10. Specifying Conversations There are lots of allowable conversations for our simple example: There are also lots of unallowable conversations: cdInqordercdAvail … bookInqorderbookAvail bookInqordercdInq … orderbookInq … … cdAvailordercdInq bookInqordercdAvail cdInqbookInqcdAvail … … …

11. 1:order :Store :CDSupplier :Customer :BookSupplier A2,B2/2:orderReply 1/A1:cdInquiry A2:cdAvailability 1/B1:bookInquiry B2:bookAvailability Specifying Conversations via Collaboration Diagrams message sequence label must precede

12. More On Collaboration Diagrams sequence label must precede A2, B2 / 2 : orderReply message asynchronous communication synchronous communication cdInquiry [has CD] conditional send order * iterative send

13. 1:order 1/A1:cdInquiry A2:cdAvailability 1/B1:bookInquiry B2:bookAvailability A2,B2/2:orderReply Dependency Among Message Send Events Message send events are ordered based on two rules –Implicit: The sequence labels that have the same prefix must be ordered based on their sequence number –Explicit: The events listed before “/” must precede the current event initial event final event

14. Implementing a Conversation Specification Given a conversation specification in the form of a collaboration diagram –we would like to implement a composite service which generates exactly the set of conversations specified by the collaboration diagram The composite web service that generates the exact set of conversations specified by the collaboration diagram realizes the collaboration diagram We use finite state machines as the computational model for peers –Note that, each peer has an unbounded input queue for the incoming messages –This is similar to Communicating Finite State Machines model

15. Store CDSupplier ?cdInquiry !cdAvailability !cdInquiry !bookInquiry ?order ?cdAvailability !cdInquiry !bookInquiry ?cdAvailability !bookInquiry ?bookAvailability !cdInquiry ?cdAvailability !orderReply BookSupplier ?bookInquiry !bookAvailability Customer !order ?orderReply Implementation with Finite State Machines

16. Realizability of Collaboration Diagrams Not all collaboration diagrams are realizable! It is possible to specify interactions that cannot be realized by any peer implementation This is a problem! –Assume that we want to specify how several services should interact with each other –If we write a specification that is not realizable the implementation will not be faithful to the specification no matter what we do

17. :Customer:Store 1:order :Shipping:Depot 2:ship Realizability of Collaboration Diagrams :Customer:Store 1:order :Shipping:Depot 3:ship 2:orderInfo RealizableNot Realizable

18. Realizability of Collaboration Diagrams RealizableNot Realizable :Customer:Store :Accounting 2:bill 1:order :Customer:Store :Accounting 3:bill 1:order 2:orderInfo

19. A Sufficient Condition for Realizability We call a send event e well informed –If e is an initial event –Otherwise, let e’ be an immediate predecessor of e If e’ is a synchronous send and not conditional or iterative –sender for e should be either the receiver or sender for e’ If e is an asynchronous send or conditional or iterative –sender for e should be the sender for e’, e should not be conditional or iterative, e and e’ should not send the same message A separated collaboration diagram is realizable if all its events are well- informed

20. Separated Collaboration Diagrams A collaboration diagram is separated if two different message send events send the same message only if their sequence labels have the same prefix :P:Q A1:x A2:y B1:y B2:x :R B3:z A collaboration diagram with well-informed events that is not separated and not realizable

21. :Customer:Store 1:order :Shipping:Depot 2:ship Realizability of Collaboration Diagrams :Customer:Store 1:order :Shipping:Depot 3:ship 2:orderInfo RealizableNot Realizable this send event is not well-informed

22. Realizability of Collaboration Diagrams RealizableNot Realizable :Customer:Store :Accounting 2:bill 1:order :Customer:Store :Accounting 3:bill 1:order 2:orderInfo this send event is not well-informed

23. Related Work Message Sequence Charts (MSC) –Realizability [Alur, Etassami, Yannakakis ICSE 00, ICALP 01] –Implied scenarios [Uchitel, Kramer, Magee ACM TOSEM 04] Modeling agent conversations with Dooley graphs [Parunak, ICMAS 96] Conversation protocols [Fu, Bultan, Hull, Su WWW 03] [Fu, Bultan, Su, TCS 04, IEEE TSE 05] Modeling services using UML diagrams –[Benatallah, Sheng, Dumas, IEEE IC 03] –[Skogan, Gronmo, Solheim IEEE EDOCC 04] –[Blake ICWS 06] –…

24. Conclusions and Future Work Collaboration diagrams are an appropriate specification mechanism for service conversations We gave a realizability condition for a restricted class of collaboration diagrams We are currently working on –investigating the relationship between conversation protocols and collaboration diagrams –investigating extensions of collaboration diagrams –synthesizing implementations from realizable collaboration diagrams automatically

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