1. CUIN 6371 Models of Teaching
Fall, 2003
Howard L. Jones
Deductive Strategies…
David P. Ausubel’s Efforts

2. Robert Gagné’s Types of Learning
Basic
Signal Learning – Stimulus Response
Higher Order
Concepts
Rules/Generalizations
Problem Solving
Motor Skills
Attitudes

3. Concepts Oxymoron/Pleonasm Gerrymandering Parallel Soft Diagonal
Verbs, adverbs, modifiers…
Model of Teaching

4. Elements of a Concept Jerome Bruner
Every Concept has
1. A name
2. Examples and Non-Examples
(positives and negatives)
3. Attributes
4. Attribute Values
(essential and non-essential)
A RULE, then, is the statement of the essential attributes of the concept

5. A Generalization has a broad level of application.
contains two or more concepts.
states the relationship which exists between (among) the concepts found in the generalization.

6. A chemical bond is a state in which the atoms of two or more elements are at lower energy levels than they would be if they existed separately.
A Spanish verb is like a good mystery; it tells who did it and when.
A season is an arbitrary period of time with distinctive features.
When the ing ending is placed on words ending with vowel-consonant-e (e.g. mate, live), the e is dropped.

7. Searching for concepts and generalizations
-The work of
Joel Barker

8. Concepts Defined Generalizations
Concepts Rules
Principles
Outcomes

9. Information Processing
Inductive - Jerome Bruner/
Hilda Taba
Deductive - David Ausubel
Inquiry - J. J. Schwab/J. Richard Suchman
Jean Piaget/ L. Kohlberg
Memory - R. Atkinson/J. Levin/J. Lucas
Creativity - W. J. J. Gordon

10. If a teacher lectures in the middle of
the forest and nobody’s there to
listen, does he actually make sense?

11. How to teach rules and generalizations DEDUCTIVELY (and effectively)
The work of David Ausubel

12. Deductive Teaching The Most Common The “Guided Tour”
Teaching Pattern Approach
• Providing Information
• Verification of information
• Application of Information
(after Renner)
Deductive Teaching
What do we know about science teaching?
Most common practice of science teachers is to attempt to pass on to their pupils a mastery of content.
The assumption is that once they have some information, the information can be verified and applied in some way.
The GUIDED TOUR approach

13. Deductive Thinking Ausubel’s Postulates Thinking can be taught
But not like Taba’s type -
Deductive Thinking

14. A chemical bond is a state in which the atoms of two or more elements are at lower energy levels than they would be if they existed separately.
A Spanish verb is like a good mystery; it tells who did it and when.
A season is an arbitrary period of time with distinctive features.
When the ing ending is placed on words ending with vowel-consonant-e (e.g. mate, live), the e is dropped.

15. Rule and Generalization Learning (including Defined Concepts)
Internal Conditions
Mastery of component concepts
External Conditions
Teacher informs student what is expected
Teacher invokes recall of component concepts
Student makes statement in own words
Student demonstrates in another situation
Reinforcement

16. “Preconceptions are amazingly tenacious and resistant to extinction.”
Advance Organizers
David P. Ausubel

17. Basic Postulates Learning is more than passive listening
Teacher must present generalizations that govern the meaningfulness of new information
The purpose of teaching is to strengthen cognitive structures

18. Elements of Ausubel Lessons
Advance Organizer

19. David P. Ausubel
Advance Organizers - primary means of strengthening cognitive structures and enhancing retention of new information
Introductory material presented ahead of the learning task and at a higher level of abstraction and inclusiveness than the learning task itself.

20. Organizers, we have organizers …
Concept Definition Landforms are land surfaces
that have characteristic
shapes and sizes.
Analogy Two-paragraph comparison
between river systems and
the body’s circulatory system
Generalization The more technology and
knowledge humans possess,
the less limiting are the
influences of nature on
human life.

21. Other Ausubelian Big Words include:
Subsumption
Intellectual Scaffolding

22. The Ever Popular Concept Map

23. The more technology and knowledge humans possess, the less limiting are the influences of nature on human life.
Agriculture Resource Manufacturing
Extractions
Technology Persistent
Problems
Irrigation Seed Energy
Fertilization Mechanization
Transportation

24. Generalization Deductive Processes data data data
data data data data data data
data data data
conglomerate conglomerate conglomerate
data data data data data data data
data conglomerate
data
data data data data data data data
data data data data data
data data data

25. Generalization Deductive Processes sub- sub- sub-
data data data data data data
sub sub sub-
generalization generalization generalization
data data data data data data data
sub generalization
data
data data data data data data data
data data data data data
data data data

26. Advance Organizer Deductive Processes
data data data data data data
Integrative Integrative Integrative
Reconciliation Reconciliation Reconciliation
data data data data data data data
Integrative Reconciliation
data
data data data data data data data
data data data data data
data data data

27. Elements of Ausubel Lessons
Advance Organizer
Integrative Reconciliation
Progressive Differentiation

28. Integrative Reconciliation
Advance Organizer
Progressive Progressive Progressive
Differentiation Differentiation Differentiation
Integrative Reconciliation

29. Calendars

30. Why do we need calendars anyway?

31. Calendars are affected not only by agricultural needs but also by religious and political concerns

32. The Ancient Celts …
Recognized only two seasons - light and dark. This time of year was the beginning of what was called dark.

33. Jewish Calendar
Nisan

34. George Washington’s Multiple Birthdays
And a Third One

35. George Washington’s Birthday Celebrations
February 11, 1732
(Band of Fourth Continental Army serenades him at Valley Forge in 1778)
• February 22, 1732
(Generally observed from 1796)
• President's Day
(Third Monday of February - P. L ; effective 1971)

36. George Washington was first in war, first in peace…
And the first to have his birthday juggled to make a long weekend.
-Ashley Cooper

37. Early Roman Calendar Apparently borrowed from Greeks
(Romulus founds Rome in 738 BCE)
Ten months and 304 days
(60 days in middle of winter ignored)
Names of months
(Martius, Aprilis, Maius, Junius, Quintilis, Sextilis, September, October, November, December)
Numa (452 BCE) adds January and February and a month called Mercedinus
(22/23 days between February every other year)

38. (the “year of confusion”)
Julian Calendar
By 46 BCE winter occurs in September
46 BCE declared to have 445 days
(the “year of confusion”)
Every four years, February (which had 28 days) was given an additional day
Every year thereafter to have 365 days
Quintilis renamed July
Sextilis renamed August
Moved Beginning of Year to January 1
• 365 1/4 days; but still 11 minutes,14 seconds longer than solar year
• Augustus Caesar ensures regulation by 8CE
• By 1580 the Spring Equinox fell on March 11, ten days earlier than it should

39. Dionysius Exiguus ca. 525 CE
Dates birth of Jesus and misses by at least four years

40. Don’t fool with the religious elements of the calendar…
Mathematicians make mistakes…Take Geronimo Cardano, a resident of strictly religious Italy in the 16th century. He tried running a horoscope on Jesus and wound up in prison.

41. But…
By 1580 CE, the Spring Equinox fell on March 11, ten days before it should

42. Council of Nicea…325 CE So what?
Easter celebrated on the Sunday nearest the 14th of Nisan (Passover)…
WHICH JUST HAPPENS TO BE
first Sunday after the first full moon after the Spring Equinox

43. (October 5, 1582 became October 15)
Gregorian Calendar
Pope Gregory XIII
Ten days dropped from October
(October 5, 1582 became October 15)
February gets an extra day in “century” years that can be divided by 400
Difference between calendar and solar years now only in seconds
Roman Catholic nations of Europe adopted Gregorian calendar immediately
German states adopt by 1700

44. In 1640, when the first calendar was published for the public.....
Everyone knew that its days were numbered.

45. So why does George Washington have three birthdays?

46. George Washington’s Multiple Birthdays
And a Third One

47. In Islam, portions of 2002/3 are 1423 A.H.

48. Calendars through the eyes of
Jigsaw II

49. Jigsaw II and Calendars Generalization: Calendars are affected not only by agricultural needs but also by religious and political concerns.
Expert Teams focus on how the generalization holds or does not hold in the Hebrew Calendar
• Lunar calendar
Islamic Calendar Months (Tishri, Nisan ...)
• Portions of 2001/2002 are • Day of Atonement ...
1422 A.H. (Anno Hegirae) Dating of Year 1
• Ramadan…Eid, Haj…
• Lunar calendar...
Mayan Calendar
• Two kinds of calendars – Chinese Calendar
a sacred one of 260 days • Emperor Huang-Ti invents
and another • Naming of year - year of the ox, ...
a solar calendar • Chinese new year ...
• Lucky and unlucky days ...
Home
Teams

50. Lecturing is not always appropriate

51. The case for…and against
Against Discovery
1. Takes too much time
2. Kids can’t learn as much
3. They can’t discover everything
4. What if they discover a wrong answer?
For Discovery
1. Kids better remember and transfer
2. More and better interest
3. Kids learn to discover
Heuristics

52. Direct (Expository) Teaching
When to Use….
Direct (Expository) Teaching
• When time is limited
• When there are no readily available or easily understood materials
Indirect Teaching
• When time is available for discovery and higher-order thinking
• When there is an abundance of understandable materials

53. The Lecture Method is Appropriate When…
The objective is to present information
Information is not available in accessible sources
A particular organization is required
You want to arouse interest
An introduction must be made
The information is original or must be integrated from different sources
A summary or synthesis is required
Alternative points or clarification are required
Supplementary explanations are needed
(after Good and Brophy, 1999; Gage and Berliner, 1992; Henson, 1988)

54. Ausubel Model Characteristics
Interactive Deductive Sequential
Uses Examples Present Present
Advance Subordinate
Organizer Content
Differentiate Ask for Reconcile
Subordinate or provide Differentiated
Material examples of Material
subordinate
concepts or
generalizations

55. Teaching…
Inductively and Deductively

56. Inductive Deductive Inquiry Memory Creativity General
Information Processing models are designed to assist students learn content at the same time as they learn/practice thinking skills under the guidance and direction of an active teacher.
Inductive Deductive Inquiry Memory Creativity
General
Taba’s Concept Ausubel’s Suchman’s Science Synectics
Inductive Attainment Model Inquiry Inquiry
Model Model Training Models
Developmental
Models
(Kohlberg, Piaget)
Mnemonics

58. A Mental Movement Next Time….Memory and Creativity…
Read the readings; take the S-C Inventory….

59. Experimentalism Education is life, not preparation for life
Education is directly related to interests of the child
Learning is best accomplished through problem solving
The teacher’s role is not to direct but to advise
Schools should encourage cooperation rather than competition
Only democracy permits – in fact, encourages - the free interplay of ideas and personalities, both of which are required for true growth
Lloyd Duck, Teaching With Charisma.

60. At Odds with Essentialism…
Learning, by its nature, involves hard work and often unwilling application
The initiative lies with the teacher
The heart of the educational process is the absorption of prescribed subject matter
The school should retain traditional methods of mental discipline
Lloyd Duck, Teaching With Charisma.