1. Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution By Gonzalo Zea s031418 Shih-Fu Liu s031003

2. 16.09.2003Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution 2 Agenda Hardware Allocation Problem –Input Description –Basic Allocation Problem –Subproblem –Formulation of the entire data path synthesis problem –Cost Table –Conditional Resource Sharing Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution –Generating New States –Stopping criteria –Cost function –Constraints –Delays Loops Result of example Synthesizing Pipelined Data Paths Conclusions – Agenda – Hardware Allocation Problem

3. 16.09.2003Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution 3 Hardware Allocation Problem execution speed of the data path (T) total hardware cost of the data path (C)  f(T,C) should be minimized Agenda – Hardware Allocation Problem – Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution

4. 16.09.2003Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution 4 Input Description Code sequence where parallelism, sequentiality, and disjointness (mutually exclusive operations) are explicitly stated Compilerlike optimization techniques (e.g. dead code elimination, constant folding) Disjointness is a result of the conditional clauses in the input description Agenda – Hardware Allocation Problem – Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution

5. 16.09.2003Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution 5 Basic Allocation Problem given description allocate into a minimum number of registers Arithmetic unit allocation –entails scheduling operations –minimum numbers of ALU’s –meeting cost or timing constraints Agenda – Hardware Allocation Problem – Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution

6. 16.09.2003Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution 6 Subproblem Abolish fixed code sequence  gaining an extra degree of freedom Disjoint variables share the same register Precedence constraints must be met Agenda – Hardware Allocation Problem – Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution

7. 16.09.2003Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution 7 Formulation of the entire data path synthesis problem Agenda – Hardware Allocation Problem – Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution C = p1 * (#alu) + p2 * (exec_time) + p3 * (#register) + p4 * (#bus) –p1, p3, p4 … area parameters –p2 … execution time parameter By meeting constraints and being minimal, C is optimal

8. 16.09.2003Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution 8 Cost Table Register cost –Equal to the area of the library register cost Costs of ALU operations – non linear function Estimating interconnecting area –Complex function of the number of registers and ALU’s in the data path Agenda – Hardware Allocation Problem – Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution

9. 16.09.2003Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution 9 Conditional Resource Sharing Disjoint statements can exist on top of each other on the same time-space slot  resource sharing Agenda – Hardware Allocation Problem – Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution

10. 16.09.2003Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution 10 Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution Hardware Allocation Problem – Simulated- Annealing-Based Solution – Loops

11. 16.09.2003Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution 11 Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution Hardware Allocation Problem – Simulated- Annealing-Based Solution – Loops Basic algorithm –Random generation of new states

12. 16.09.2003Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution 12 Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution Hardware Allocation Problem – Simulated- Annealing-Based Solution – Loops Acceptance rule of the generated states depending on the temperature T

13. 16.09.2003Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution 13 Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution Hardware Allocation Problem – Simulated- Annealing-Based Solution – Loops Number of states generated influences quality and can be defined by user

14. 16.09.2003Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution 14 Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution Hardware Allocation Problem – Simulated- Annealing-Based Solution – Loops Most important points –Generation of new states –Optimization of the cost function

15. 16.09.2003Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution 15 Generating New States Interchanging two code operations Displacing a code operation from one location to another Interchanging variables in a symmetric operation Hardware Allocation Problem – Simulated- Annealing-Based Solution – Loops

16. 16.09.2003Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution 16 Generating New States cont’d High Temperature –Two numbers (a, b) randomly generated –If (b < number of operations) Interchanging two operations –Violate constraints  variables are interchanged –If (b > number of operations) New random location is generated –If not violate constraints Hardware Allocation Problem – Simulated- Annealing-Based Solution – Loops

17. 16.09.2003Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution 17 Generating New States cont’d Low Temperature –Two numbers (a, b) randomly generated –If (b < number of operations) Interchanging neighboring operations –Violate constraints  variables are interchanged –If (b > number of operations) Displacement with neighboring operations in time or space slots in random order Hardware Allocation Problem – Simulated- Annealing-Based Solution – Loops

18. 16.09.2003Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution 18 Stopping Criteria Cost function stays the same for three temperature points. Hardware Allocation Problem – Simulated- Annealing-Based Solution – Loops

19. 16.09.2003Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution 19 Cost function Depends on –Number of registers –Interconnection costs Links Buses Hardware Allocation Problem – Simulated- Annealing-Based Solution – Loops

20. 16.09.2003Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution 20 Constraints Hardware Resource –Number of ALU’s & Registers Execution Time Hardware Allocation Problem – Simulated- Annealing-Based Solution – Loops

21. 16.09.2003Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution 21 Delays Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution – Loops – Synthesizing Pipelined Data Paths Highest common factor of all different operation delays equals one time frame Interchanges or displacements of operations affects the time position

22. 16.09.2003Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution 22 Loops Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution – Loops – Synthesizing Pipelined Data Paths Unwinding depends on disjointness Improving of execution time space time

23. 16.09.2003Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution 23 Results of Examples HAL –Clock cycles : 17 –Multipliers : 3 –Adder : 3 Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution – Loops – Synthesizing Pipelined Data Paths SAB-Solution –Clock cycles : 17 –Multipliers : 2 –Adder : 3 –Calculation time increases quadratically

24. 16.09.2003Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution 24 Synthesizing Pipelined Data Paths Pipelining –Inserting registers between logic modules –Increasing latency –Improving throughput Pipeline Synthesis –Partitioning input data flow description into pipeline stages –Finding a placement of micro-operations within each stage for meeting constraints Loops – Pipelined Data Paths - Conclusion

25. 16.09.2003Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution 25 Synthesizing Pipelined Data Paths Algorithm –Serial pipeline schedule Doesn’t violate delay constraints If max. delay exceeded  separating into a new stage Each stage placement problem is treated separately and afterwards summed up Loops – Pipelined Data Paths - Conclusion

26. 16.09.2003Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution 26 Synthesizing Pipelined Data Paths Algorithm –Interchanging and displacement Moving operations within adjacent stages Constraint violation allowed with penalization –Doesn’t appear in the final result Displacing last phase operations to the empty stages Loops – Pipelined Data Paths - Conclusion

27. 16.09.2003Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution 27 Synthesizing Pipelined Data Paths Algorithm –Throughput k … number of stages d i … delay of each stage ρ … expected resynchronization rate Loops – Pipelined Data Paths - Conclusion

28. 16.09.2003Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution 28 Conclusion Entire allocation process  two- dimensional placement problem Simultaneously cost-constrained allocation of hw resources and execution time Trade-off hardware cost against execution speed Pipelined Data Paths – Conclusion -

29. Simulated-Annealing-Based Solution By Gonzalo Zea s031418 Shih-Fu Liu s031003