1. General Microbiology 130 Fall 2007 Roberta Brashear- Kaulfers Class cards Syllabus distribution Website information: http://hawaii.hawaii.edu/brashear

2. Chapter 1 Scope & History of Microbiology Q 1 How would you describe a microbiologist? Q 1 How would you describe a microbiologist? Let the adventure begin! Definitions: Definitions: Microbes- germs that cause disease Microbes- germs that cause disease Biology- study of life Biology- study of life Microorganisms- bacteria, fungi, protozoa and some algae, closely related to humans Microorganisms- bacteria, fungi, protozoa and some algae, closely related to humans in us, on us, and everywhere around us

3. Why Study Microbiology? 1) Microorganisms are part of human environment, and important to human health 1) Microorganisms are part of human environment, and important to human health a) essential to life in every environment a) essential to life in every environment b) Maintain balance of nature and essential links in food chains b) Maintain balance of nature and essential links in food chains 2) Produce new foods 2) Produce new foods 3) Ability to synthesize antibiotics 3) Ability to synthesize antibiotics

4. Why Study Microbiology? 4) Major tools of genetic engineering 4) Major tools of genetic engineering 5) Certain microbes cause disease 5) Certain microbes cause disease 6) Study provides insight into life processes in all life forms 6) Study provides insight into life processes in all life forms Ecologists- Ecologists- Biochemists- Biochemists- Geneticists- Geneticists-

5. Microorganisms are useful in Research for 3 reasons 1) Simple structures 1) Simple structures 2) Large numbers available, less cost, more numbers provide more reliable results 2) Large numbers available, less cost, more numbers provide more reliable results 3) Reproduce quickly (some 20 minutes), can be used for gene transfer 3) Reproduce quickly (some 20 minutes), can be used for gene transfer Scientists have achieved great success in understanding life processes, and disease control by studying microbes Scientists have achieved great success in understanding life processes, and disease control by studying microbes

6. Importance of bacteria to our planet is now being revealed Bacteria have been found in: Bacteria have been found in: 1) Deep/hot depths (1.6 km in France – 1) Deep/hot depths (1.6 km in France – 5.2 km Sweden) 2) Surface biosphere 2) Surface biosphere 3) Caves- 3) Caves- 4) Deep sea smokers- ocean floor vents 4) Deep sea smokers- ocean floor vents 5) Cold seeps- off Continental shelf of US 5) Cold seeps- off Continental shelf of US 6 ) Boiling mud pots- Japan, Yellowstone 6 ) Boiling mud pots- Japan, Yellowstone

7. Scope of Microbiology 2 dimensions of Scope Microbiology – study of microbes Microbiology – study of microbes 1) Variety of kinds of microbes 1) Variety of kinds of microbes 2) Kinds of work microbiologists do 2) Kinds of work microbiologists do

8. Major Groups of Microbes 1) Bacteria- prokaryotic, single cell, most studied 1) Bacteria- prokaryotic, single cell, most studied 2) Algae-eukaryotic, single cell to large size, photosynthesize own food 2) Algae-eukaryotic, single cell to large size, photosynthesize own food 3) Fungi- eukaryotic, single celled-yeast and molds 3) Fungi- eukaryotic, single celled-yeast and molds 4) Virus- acellular, nucleic acid and protein 4) Virus- acellular, nucleic acid and protein need a host for replication

9. Major Groups of Microbes 5) Protozoa-eukaryotic, many mobile 5) Protozoa-eukaryotic, many mobile 6) Helminth worms- disease causing parasites 6) Helminth worms- disease causing parasites 7) Arthropod – insect vectors 7) Arthropod – insect vectors

10. Classification systems Binomial nomenclature- Binomial nomenclature- everything has 2 names: Genus – species Virus are less precise- named for group they belong to or disease type Virus are less precise- named for group they belong to or disease type Microbiologists study many things and work in many fields: Microbiologists study many things and work in many fields: life cycles, metabolism, make antibiotics and vaccines, control crop and insect pests, work in labs and Universities, create GMO’s, virology, industry and research

11. Historical Roots of Microbiology 1) Bible- Moses 1) Bible- Moses 2) Greeks- 400BC Hippocrates 2) Greeks- 400BC Hippocrates 3) Romans- 100BC Varro- 3) Romans- 100BC Varro- 4) Mediterranean-542 AD Black Death- bubonic plague 4) Mediterranean-542 AD Black Death- bubonic plague 5) Europe-1347- 1700 AD – plague spreads from central Asis through caravans 5) Europe-1347- 1700 AD – plague spreads from central Asis through caravans *Jewish population less impacted

12. Historical Roots of Microbiology 6) Robert Hooke- 1665 compound microscope, saw cork cells 6) Robert Hooke- 1665 compound microscope, saw cork cells 7) Anton van Leeuwenhoek-1650’s lens maker, studied “animalcules” 7) Anton van Leeuwenhoek-1650’s lens maker, studied “animalcules” 8) Carolus Linnaeus- classification system of binomial nomenclature 8) Carolus Linnaeus- classification system of binomial nomenclature 9) Schleiden/Schwann- Cell theory 9) Schleiden/Schwann- Cell theory

13. Germ Theory of Disease Microorganisms (germs) can invade other organisms and cause disease Microorganisms (germs) can invade other organisms and cause disease Spontaneous generation experiments Spontaneous generation experiments

14. Germ Theory of Disease Early Studies Redi- experiments against Spontaneous generation Redi- experiments against Spontaneous generation Spallanzani- used broth infusions Spallanzani- used broth infusions Pasteur- pasteurization process-heat wine to 56C/without O2 and kills microbes Pasteur- pasteurization process-heat wine to 56C/without O2 and kills microbes Robert Koch- physicain who studied anthrax bacteria, gre pure cultures on agar Robert Koch- physicain who studied anthrax bacteria, gre pure cultures on agar Koch’s Postulates: Germ theory of disease Koch’s Postulates: Germ theory of disease

15. Koch’s Postulates: Germ Theory of Disease 1) specific causative agent must be found in every case of the disease 1) specific causative agent must be found in every case of the disease 2) disease organism must be isolated in pure culture 2) disease organism must be isolated in pure culture 3) inoculation of sample into a healthy organism must produce the same disease 3) inoculation of sample into a healthy organism must produce the same disease 4) disease organism must be recovered from inoculated animal 4) disease organism must be recovered from inoculated animal Koch identified organisms for TB, Cholera, and won Nobel prize in 1905 Koch identified organisms for TB, Cholera, and won Nobel prize in 1905

16. Work toward controlling Infections 1800’s physicians: 1800’s physicians: Semmelweiss- Semmelweiss- Lister- father of antiseptic surgery Lister- father of antiseptic surgery

17. Emergence of Special Fields of Microbiology Immunology- host response reactions Immunology- host response reactions 1100’s Chinese –people who had smallpox and survived will not get it again 1100’s Chinese –people who had smallpox and survived will not get it again 1717- Lady Ashley Montagu- variolation= took thread with smallpox blister exposure and place into incision in arm 1717- Lady Ashley Montagu- variolation= took thread with smallpox blister exposure and place into incision in arm 1800’s Jenner- milkmaids who got cowpox, did not get smallpox 1800’s Jenner- milkmaids who got cowpox, did not get smallpox

18. Immunology Jenner created vaccinia-vaccine for small pox Jenner created vaccinia-vaccine for small pox Pasteur created vaccine for rabies and cholera Pasteur created vaccine for rabies and cholera Metchnikoff – 1880 studied phagocytosis “cell eating” sea star cells. Metchnikoff – 1880 studied phagocytosis “cell eating” sea star cells. He received the Nobel prize 1908

19. Virology Virus particles are very small Virus particles are very small Chamberland-1884 used a bacterial filter and particles that went through were still infectious Chamberland-1884 used a bacterial filter and particles that went through were still infectious Beijerinck-infectious particles were called virus or poisons Beijerinck-infectious particles were called virus or poisons Stanley- 1935- TMV tobacco mosiac virus Stanley- 1935- TMV tobacco mosiac virus Hershey/ Chase-1952 genetic material is DNA Hershey/ Chase-1952 genetic material is DNA Many viruses were discovered in the 1950’s Many viruses were discovered in the 1950’s

20. Chemotherapy Greek physicians- extracts from medicinal plants-digitalis, curare, morphine-herbals Greek physicians- extracts from medicinal plants-digitalis, curare, morphine-herbals 16 th cent-metallic chemicals 16 th cent-metallic chemicals 17 th cent- cinchona bark= malaria 17 th cent- cinchona bark= malaria 19 th cent- extracted morphine from opium poppy 19 th cent- extracted morphine from opium poppy Ehrlich- certain chemicals kill microbes but not animal cells=he tested 100’s of chemicals Ehrlich- certain chemicals kill microbes but not animal cells=he tested 100’s of chemicals

21. Chemotherapy Fleming- 1922 lysozymes Fleming- 1922 lysozymes 1917- antibiotics from bacteria 1917- antibiotics from bacteria 1928 to WWII- penicillin became safe 1928 to WWII- penicillin became safe 1935- sulfa drugs used for streptococci, TB 1935- sulfa drugs used for streptococci, TB 1941- Actinomycin antibiotic, 1941- Actinomycin antibiotic, 1943- Streptomycin for TB 1943- Streptomycin for TB Some antibiotics from soil, others from the sea, many others may be in the rainforest Some antibiotics from soil, others from the sea, many others may be in the rainforest

22. Genetics and Molecular Biology 1900’s rediscovered Mendel’s work 1900’s rediscovered Mendel’s work 1928- Griffith discovered live bacteria acquire traits from dead ones 1928- Griffith discovered live bacteria acquire traits from dead ones 1940’s- Avery, Mac Leod, McCarty-DNA 1940’s- Avery, Mac Leod, McCarty-DNA 1953- Watson and Crick-structure of DNA 1953- Watson and Crick-structure of DNA 1950’s Beadle and Tatum- genetic controls 1950’s Beadle and Tatum- genetic controls in Neurospora – yeast Mc Clintock- jumping genes in corn Mc Clintock- jumping genes in corn Genes shuffle and splice together to create antibodies Genes shuffle and splice together to create antibodies

23. Tomorrow’s History Microbiology is ongoing Microbiology is ongoing 1874-1917- Golden Age of Microbiology 1874-1917- Golden Age of Microbiology 1900 until now, many Nobel Prizes in physiology and medicine 1900 until now, many Nobel Prizes in physiology and medicine Microbiology is in the forefront now with AIDS research and Microbiology is in the forefront now with AIDS research and Genetic engineering-designer microbes Genetic engineering-designer microbes 1990 -1 st gene therapy patient 1990 -1 st gene therapy patient

24. Bioethics and the Future 1920-1930’s Bacteriophage-virus that attack and kill certain bacteria (still used in Russia today) 1920-1930’s Bacteriophage-virus that attack and kill certain bacteria (still used in Russia today) Phages that attack Listeria –foodborne pathogen created a solution to agricultural food problems Phages that attack Listeria –foodborne pathogen created a solution to agricultural food problems Bioterrorism-phage to protect against Anthrax Bioterrorism-phage to protect against Anthrax

25. Genomics Human Genome Project Human Genome Project Goal to Identify human genes started in 1990 and completed in 2000 3 billion base pairs sequenced = 30,000 genes 75% of the code is “junk” DNA Similarities between bacteria and human = 43 Similariteies between mouse and human= 300