1. Chapter 6 outline 6.1 Introduction Wireless
6.3 IEEE wireless LANs (“wi-fi”)
8.8 Securing wireless LANs
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

2. Elements of a wireless network
wireless hosts
laptop, PDA, IP phone
run applications
may be stationary (non-mobile) or mobile
wireless does not always mean mobility
network
infrastructure
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

3. Elements of a wireless network
base station
typically connected to wired network
relay - responsible for sending packets between wired network and wireless host(s) in its “area”
e.g., cell towers, access points
network
infrastructure
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

4. Elements of a wireless network
wireless link
typically used to connect mobile(s) to base station
multiple access protocol coordinates link access
various data rates, transmission distance
network
infrastructure
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

5. Characteristics of selected wireless link standards
200
802.11n 54
802.11a,g
802.11a,g point-to-point
data
5-11
802.11b
(WiMAX) 4
3G cellular
enhanced
UMTS/WCDMA-HSPDA, CDMA2000-1xEVDO
Data rate (Mbps) 1
802.15
.384
UMTS/WCDMA, CDMA2000 3G
.056
IS-95, CDMA, GSM 2G
Indoor
10-30m
Outdoor
50-200m
Mid-range
outdoor
200m – 4 Km
Long-range
outdoor
5Km – 20 Km
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

6. Elements of a wireless network
infrastructure mode
base station connects mobiles into wired network
handoff: mobile changes base station providing connection into wired network
network
infrastructure
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

7. Elements of a wireless network
ad hoc mode
no base stations
nodes can only transmit to other nodes within link coverage
nodes organize themselves into a network: route among themselves
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

8. Wireless network taxonomy
single hop
multiple hops
host connects to
base station (WiFi,
WiMAX, cellular)
which connects to
larger Internet
host may have to
relay through several
wireless nodes to
connect to larger
Internet: mesh net
infrastructure
(e.g., APs)
no base station, no
connection to larger
Internet. May have to
relay to reach other
a given wireless node
MANET, VANET no
infrastructure
no base station, no
connection to larger
Internet
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

9. Wireless Link Characteristics (1)
Differences from wired link ….
decreased signal strength: radio signal attenuates as it propagates through matter (path loss)
interference from other sources: standardized wireless network frequencies (e.g., 2.4 GHz) shared by other devices (e.g., phone); devices (motors) interfere as well
multipath propagation: radio signal reflects off objects ground, arriving ad destination at slightly different times
…. make communication across (even a point to point) wireless link much more “difficult”
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

10. Wireless Link Characteristics (2)
SNR: signal-to-noise ratio
larger SNR – easier to extract signal from noise (a “good thing”)
SNR versus BER (bit error rate) tradeoffs
given physical layer: increase power -> increase SNR->decrease BER
given SNR: choose physical layer that meets BER requirement, giving highest thruput
SNR may change with mobility: dynamically adapt physical layer (modulation technique, rate)
10-1
10-2
10-3
BER
10-4
10-5
10-6
10-7 10 20 30 40
SNR(dB)
QAM256 (8 Mbps)
QAM16 (4 Mbps)
BPSK (1 Mbps)
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

11. Wireless network characteristics
Multiple wireless senders and receivers create additional problems (beyond multiple access): A B C
A’s signal
strength
space
C’s signal A B C
Hidden terminal problem
B, A hear each other
B, C hear each other
A, C can not hear each other
means A, C unaware of their interference at B
Signal attenuation:
B, A hear each other
B, C hear each other
A, C can not hear each other interfering at B
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

12. Chapter 6 outline 6.1 Introduction Wireless
6.3 IEEE wireless LANs (“wi-fi”)
8.8 Securing wireless LANs
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

13. 802.11 LAN architecture wireless host communicates with base station
Internet
wireless host communicates with base station
base station = access point (AP)
Basic Service Set (BSS) (aka “cell”) in infrastructure mode contains:
wireless hosts
access point (AP): base station
ad hoc mode: hosts only AP
hub, switch
or router AP
BSS 1
BSS 2
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

14. 802.11: Channels, association
802.11b: 2.4GHz-2.485GHz spectrum divided into 11 channels at different frequencies
AP admin chooses frequency for AP
interference possible: channel can be same as that chosen by neighboring AP!
host: must associate with an AP
scans channels, listening for beacon frames containing AP’s name (SSID) and MAC address
selects AP to associate with
may perform authentication [Chapter 8]
will typically run DHCP to get IP address in AP’s subnet
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

15. 802.11: passive/active scanning
BBS 1
BBS 1
BBS 2
BBS 2
AP 1
AP 2
AP 1 1
AP 2 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 H1 H1
Passive Scanning:
beacon frames sent from APs
association Request frame sent: H1 to selected AP
association Response frame sent: H1 to selected AP
Active Scanning:
Probe Request frame broadcast from H1
Probes response frame sent from APs
Association Request frame sent: H1 to selected AP
Association Response frame sent: H1 to selected AP
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

16. IEEE : multiple access
avoid collisions: 2+ nodes transmitting at same time
802.11: CSMA - sense before transmitting
don’t collide with ongoing transmission by other node
802.11: no collision detection!
difficult to receive (sense collisions) when transmitting due to weak received signals (fading)
can’t sense all collisions in any case: hidden terminal, fading
goal: avoid collisions: CSMA/C(ollision)A(voidance) A B C
A’s signal
strength
space
C’s signal
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

17. IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol: CSMA/CA
sender
1 if sense channel idle for DIFS then
transmit entire frame (no CD)
2 if sense channel busy then
start random backoff time
timer counts down while channel idle
transmit when timer expires
if no ACK, increase random backoff interval, repeat 2
receiver
- if frame received OK
return ACK after SIFS (ACK needed due to hidden terminal problem)
sender
receiver
DIFS
data
SIFS
ACK
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

18. Avoiding collisions (more)
idea: allow sender to “reserve” channel rather than random access of data frames: avoid collisions of long data frames
sender first transmits small request-to-send (RTS) packets to BS using CSMA
RTSs may still collide with each other (but they’re short)
BS broadcasts clear-to-send CTS in response to RTS
CTS heard by all nodes
sender transmits data frame
other stations defer transmissions
avoid data frame collisions completely
using small reservation packets!
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

19. Collision Avoidance: RTS-CTS exchangeB AP
RTS(A)
RTS(B)
reservation collision
RTS(A)
CTS(A)
DATA (A)
ACK(A)
defer
time
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

20. frame: addressing
frame
control
duration
address 1 2 4 3
payload
CRC 6
seq
Address 4: used only in ad hoc mode
Address 1: MAC address
of wireless host or AP
to receive this frame
Address 3: MAC address
of router interface to which AP is attached
Address 2: MAC address
of wireless host or AP
transmitting this frame
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

21. 802.11 frame: addressing Internet router H1 R1 AP
AP MAC addr H1 MAC addr R1 MAC addr
address 1
address 2
address 3
frame H1 R1
R1 MAC addr H1 MAC addr
dest. address
source address
802.3 frame
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

22. 802.11 frame: more frame seq # (for RDT) duration of reserved
transmission time (RTS/CTS)
frame
control
duration
address 1 2 4 3
payload
CRC 6
seq
Type
From AP
Subtype To
More
frag
WEP
data
Power
mgt
Retry
Rsvd
Protocol
version 2 4 1
frame type
(RTS, CTS, ACK, data)
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

23. 802.11: mobility within same subnet
H1 remains in same IP subnet: IP address can remain same
switch: which AP is associated with H1?
self-learning (Ch. 5): switch will see frame from H1 and “remember” which switch port can be used to reach H1
router
hub or
switch
BBS 1
AP 1
AP 2 H1
BBS 2
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

24. 802.15: personal area network (WPAN)
less than 10 m diameter
replacement for cables (mouse, keyboard, headphones)
ad hoc: no infrastructure
master/slaves:
slaves request permission to send (to master)
master grants requests
802.15: evolved from Bluetooth specification
GHz radio band
up to 721 kbps P S P
radius of
coverage M S S P P M S
Master device
Slave device
Parked device (inactive) P
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

25. 802.16: WiMAX like 802.11 & cellular: base station model
transmissions to/from base station by hosts with antenna
base station-to-base station with point-to-point antenna
unlike :
range ~ 6 miles (“city rather than coffee shop”)
~14 Mbps
point-to-point
point-to-multipoint
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

26. Chapter 6 outline 6.1 Introduction Wireless
6.3 IEEE wireless LANs (“wi-fi”)
8.8 Securing wireless LANs
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

27. IEEE security
war-driving: drive around Bay area, see what networks available?
More than 9000 accessible from public roadways
85% use no encryption/authentication
packet-sniffing and various attacks easy!
securing
encryption, authentication
first attempt at security: Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP): a failure
current attempt: i
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

28. Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP):
authentication as in protocol ap4.0
host requests authentication from access point
access point sends 128 bit nonce
host encrypts nonce using shared symmetric key
access point decrypts nonce, authenticates host
no key distribution mechanism
authentication: knowing the shared key is enough
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

29. WEP data encryption
host/AP share 40 bit symmetric key (semi-permanent)
host appends 24-bit initialization vector (IV) to create 64-bit key
64 bit key used to generate stream of keys, kiIV
kiIV used to encrypt ith byte, di, in frame:
ci = di XOR kiIV
IV and encrypted bytes, ci sent in frame
Fundamental problem: kiIV should never be reused
WEP is based on RC4 that is secure if keys are used just once
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

30. Sender-side WEP encryption
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

31. Breaking 802.11 WEP encryption
security hole:
IV and kiIV per frame, -> eventually reused
IV transmitted in plaintext -> IV reuse detected
attack:
Trudy causes Alice to encrypt known plaintext d1 d2 d3 d4 …
Trudy sees: ci = di XOR kiIV
Trudy knows ci di, so can compute kiIV
Trudy knows encrypting key sequence k1IV k2IV k3IV …
Next time IV is used, Trudy can decrypt!
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

32. 802.11i: improved security
numerous (stronger) forms of encryption possible
provides key distribution
uses authentication server separate from access point
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

33. 802.11i: four phases of operation
STA:
client station
AP: access point
AS:
Authentication
server
wired
network
1 Discovery of
security capabilities
STA and AS mutually authenticate, together
generate Master Key (MK). AP servers as “pass through” 2 3
STA derives
Pairwise Master
Key (PMK) 3
AS derives
same PMK,
sends to AP 4
STA, AP use PMK to derive
Temporal Key (TK) used for message
encryption, integrity
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks

34. EAP: extensible authentication protocol
EAP: end-end client (mobile) to authentication server protocol
EAP sent over separate “links”
mobile-to-AP (EAP over LAN)
AP to authentication server (RADIUS over UDP)
wired
network
EAP TLS
EAP
EAP over LAN (EAPoL)
RADIUS
IEEE
UDP/IP
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks