1. Structured Query Language SQL
Fact of the Week:
According to the 2010 outlook from the BLS 286,600 new Computer, Network, and Database administrator jobs will be added in the next decade.

2. Learning Objectives Describe and use basic SQL commands
Explain how and why SQL is used, and why its important
Compare and contrast DML and DDL
Use SQL commands to create metadata structures and perform CRUD operations.

3. Brief History of SQL
1970– E. Codd develops relational database concept
–System R with Sequel (later SQL) created at IBM Research Lab
1979–Oracle markets first relational DB with SQL
1986–ANSI SQL standard released
1989, 1992, 1999, 2003, 2007–Major ANSI standard updates
Current–SQL is supported by most major database vendors at 1999, 2003 and 2007

4. The purpose of the SQL standard
Syntax and Semantics
Intrinsic Data Structures
Portability
Levels: Minimal (L1) Complete (L2)
Allow for Growth / Enhancement
Specify syntax/semantics for data definition and manipulation
Define data structures
Enable portability among DBMSs
Specify minimal (level 1) and complete (level 2) standards
Allow for later growth/enhancement to standard

5. Benefits of the SQL standard
Reduced training costs
Productivity
Application portability
Application longevity
Reduced dependence on a single vendor
Cross-system communication
Yes. The standard helps, but each of these benefits is not as realized as other standards, such as HTML

6. The SQL Environment Server Instance Catalog (db) Catalog (db) Schema
Objects
Instance
In this class we use:
SQL Server ist-s-students,1533
With the default instance
Each student has their own catalog (db)
Default schema (dbo)

7. SQL Server 2005: ist-s-students
Other Information:
SQL Dialect: T-SQL / Transact-SQL
Case Sensitive Collation?: Yes
System tables used to represent meta data.
Client / Server over TCP/IP Connect to database using:
host/IP, port number, logon, password
Client software used to manage data/meta data on server
Everything can be expressed in SQL!
Naming Rules for Objects in SQL Server:
Up to 128 characters long
Must begin with a letter
Can contain digits, letters, _, .
Spaces can be used but should be avoided.
Remember when naming your SQL objects that consistency with your logical model and data dictionary is critical!
I will use all lowercase in my conventions, and separate words with the underscore character.

8. My Naming Conventions What Mike’s Convention Rationale for use
All object names
Use all lower case letters.
Disambiguation: eg. Employee vs. employee for example
Use underscore in place of SPACE
Avoid the need to place brackets around identifiers. employee_phone_number vs. [employee phone number]
Tables
Pluralize
Should be employees table, since it contains more than one employee 
Qualify with logical schema
Disambiguation of objects within the same database: eg. fudgemart_employees vs. fudgeflix_employees
Column names
Quality with table name
Helps define scope of object. Eg. employee_zipcode .vs vendor_zipcode
Constraints
pk= primary key fk=foreign key u=unique ck=check i=index
Disambiguation of constraints, for example: ck_vendor_zipcode .vs. fk_vendor_zipcode

9. SQL: Language Breakdown
Domain
SQL Commands
Objects
Metadata (DDL)
CREATE ALTER DROP
Tables, functions, views, procedures, etc
DATA (DML)
C - INSERT R - SELECT U - UPDATE D - DELETE
Tables (as a target)
Security (DCL)
GRANT REVOKE
Tables, functions, views, procedures, etc.
Transactions (DTL)
BEGIN TRANS COMMIT ROLLBACK
Controls DML statements

10. A Guide to Syntax Diagrams
KEYWORD
SQL keywords are in upper case. They must be entered exactly as shown.
variable
This represents a user-defined value.
...n
This implies the aforementioned pattern repeats indefinitely. |
The “OR” Operator, meaning select only one item from those in the OR list.
{ }
The contents in curly braces are required.
[ ]
The contents of the braces are optional.
In order to pick up a new computer language, it is important to be able to read syntax diagrams. The syntax diagram explains how to correctly formulate a sentence or command in the language.

11. Example: Syntax Diagrams
THE [adjective[, …n]] {CAT|DOG|HORSE} verb [adverb].
Examples (syntactically correct???):
The old dog ate.
The fat cat walked slowly.
The sick, brown, ugly horse died.
The dog slept lazily.

12. Structured Query Language
On to the Demos…
SQL Basics